Enhanced SIM for E2AP v1 for TS UC
[sim/e2-interface.git] / e2sim / e2apv1sim / ASN1c / OCTET_STRING.c
diff --git a/e2sim/e2apv1sim/ASN1c/OCTET_STRING.c b/e2sim/e2apv1sim/ASN1c/OCTET_STRING.c
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..ae34c96
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,2411 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 2003-2017 Lev Walkin <vlm@lionet.info>.
+ * All rights reserved.
+ * Redistribution and modifications are permitted subject to BSD license.
+ */
+#include <asn_internal.h>
+#include <OCTET_STRING.h>
+#include <BIT_STRING.h>        /* for .bits_unused member */
+#include <errno.h>
+
+/*
+ * OCTET STRING basic type description.
+ */
+static const ber_tlv_tag_t asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_tags[] = {
+       (ASN_TAG_CLASS_UNIVERSAL | (4 << 2))
+};
+asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t asn_SPC_OCTET_STRING_specs = {
+       sizeof(OCTET_STRING_t),
+       offsetof(OCTET_STRING_t, _asn_ctx),
+       ASN_OSUBV_STR
+};
+
+asn_TYPE_operation_t asn_OP_OCTET_STRING = {
+       OCTET_STRING_free,
+       OCTET_STRING_print,     /* OCTET STRING generally means a non-ascii sequence */
+       OCTET_STRING_compare,
+       OCTET_STRING_decode_ber,
+       OCTET_STRING_encode_der,
+       OCTET_STRING_decode_xer_hex,
+       OCTET_STRING_encode_xer,
+#ifdef ASN_DISABLE_OER_SUPPORT
+       0,
+       0,
+#else
+       OCTET_STRING_decode_oer,
+       OCTET_STRING_encode_oer,
+#endif  /* ASN_DISABLE_OER_SUPPORT */
+#ifdef ASN_DISABLE_PER_SUPPORT
+       0,
+       0,
+       0,
+       0,
+#else
+       OCTET_STRING_decode_uper,       /* Unaligned PER decoder */
+       OCTET_STRING_encode_uper,       /* Unaligned PER encoder */
+       OCTET_STRING_decode_aper,       /* Aligned PER decoder */
+       OCTET_STRING_encode_aper,       /* Aligned PER encoder */
+#endif /* ASN_DISABLE_PER_SUPPORT */
+       OCTET_STRING_random_fill,
+       0       /* Use generic outmost tag fetcher */
+};
+asn_TYPE_descriptor_t asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING = {
+       "OCTET STRING",         /* Canonical name */
+       "OCTET_STRING",         /* XML tag name */
+       &asn_OP_OCTET_STRING,
+       asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_tags,
+       sizeof(asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_tags)
+         / sizeof(asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_tags[0]),
+       asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_tags,      /* Same as above */
+       sizeof(asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_tags)
+         / sizeof(asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_tags[0]),
+       { 0, 0, asn_generic_no_constraint },
+       0, 0,   /* No members */
+       &asn_SPC_OCTET_STRING_specs
+};
+
+#undef _CH_PHASE
+#undef NEXT_PHASE
+#undef PREV_PHASE
+#define        _CH_PHASE(ctx, inc) do {                                        \
+               if(ctx->phase == 0)                                     \
+                       ctx->context = 0;                               \
+               ctx->phase += inc;                                      \
+       } while(0)
+#define        NEXT_PHASE(ctx) _CH_PHASE(ctx, +1)
+#define        PREV_PHASE(ctx) _CH_PHASE(ctx, -1)
+
+#undef ADVANCE
+#define        ADVANCE(num_bytes)      do {                                    \
+               size_t num = (num_bytes);                               \
+               buf_ptr = ((const char *)buf_ptr) + num;                \
+               size -= num;                                            \
+               consumed_myself += num;                                 \
+       } while(0)
+
+#undef RETURN
+#define        RETURN(_code)   do {                                            \
+               asn_dec_rval_t tmprval;                                 \
+               tmprval.code = _code;                                   \
+               tmprval.consumed = consumed_myself;                     \
+               return tmprval;                                         \
+       } while(0)
+
+#undef APPEND
+#define        APPEND(bufptr, bufsize) do {                                    \
+               size_t _bs = (bufsize);         /* Append size */       \
+               size_t _ns = ctx->context;      /* Allocated now */     \
+               size_t _es = st->size + _bs;    /* Expected size */     \
+               /* int is really a typeof(st->size): */                 \
+               if((int)_es < 0) RETURN(RC_FAIL);                       \
+               if(_ns <= _es) {                                        \
+                       void *ptr;                                      \
+                       /* Be nice and round to the memory allocator */ \
+                       do { _ns = _ns ? _ns << 1 : 16; }               \
+                           while(_ns <= _es);                          \
+                       /* int is really a typeof(st->size): */         \
+                       if((int)_ns < 0) RETURN(RC_FAIL);               \
+                       ptr = REALLOC(st->buf, _ns);                    \
+                       if(ptr) {                                       \
+                               st->buf = (uint8_t *)ptr;               \
+                               ctx->context = _ns;                     \
+                       } else {                                        \
+                               RETURN(RC_FAIL);                        \
+                       }                                               \
+                       ASN_DEBUG("Reallocating into %ld", (long)_ns);  \
+               }                                                       \
+               memcpy(st->buf + st->size, bufptr, _bs);                \
+               /* Convenient nul-termination */                        \
+               st->buf[_es] = '\0';                                    \
+               st->size = _es;                                         \
+       } while(0)
+
+/*
+ * The main reason why ASN.1 is still alive is that too much time and effort
+ * is necessary for learning it more or less adequately, thus creating a gut
+ * necessity to demonstrate that aquired skill everywhere afterwards.
+ * No, I am not going to explain what the following stuff is.
+ */
+struct _stack_el {
+    ber_tlv_len_t left;     /* What's left to read (or -1) */
+    ber_tlv_len_t got;      /* What was actually processed */
+    unsigned cont_level;    /* Depth of subcontainment */
+    int want_nulls;         /* Want null "end of content" octets? */
+    int bits_chopped;       /* Flag in BIT STRING mode */
+    ber_tlv_tag_t tag;      /* For debugging purposes */
+    struct _stack_el *prev;
+    struct _stack_el *next;
+};
+struct _stack {
+       struct _stack_el *tail;
+       struct _stack_el *cur_ptr;
+};
+
+static struct _stack_el *
+OS__add_stack_el(struct _stack *st) {
+       struct _stack_el *nel;
+
+       /*
+        * Reuse the old stack frame or allocate a new one.
+        */
+       if(st->cur_ptr && st->cur_ptr->next) {
+               nel = st->cur_ptr->next;
+               nel->bits_chopped = 0;
+               nel->got = 0;
+               /* Retain the nel->cont_level, it's correct. */
+       } else {
+               nel = (struct _stack_el *)CALLOC(1, sizeof(struct _stack_el));
+               if(nel == NULL)
+                       return NULL;
+
+               if(st->tail) {
+                       /* Increase a subcontainment depth */
+                       nel->cont_level = st->tail->cont_level + 1;
+                       st->tail->next = nel;
+               }
+               nel->prev = st->tail;
+               st->tail = nel;
+       }
+
+       st->cur_ptr = nel;
+
+       return nel;
+}
+
+static struct _stack *
+_new_stack(void) {
+       return (struct _stack *)CALLOC(1, sizeof(struct _stack));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Decode OCTET STRING type.
+ */
+asn_dec_rval_t
+OCTET_STRING_decode_ber(const asn_codec_ctx_t *opt_codec_ctx,
+                        const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, void **sptr,
+                        const void *buf_ptr, size_t size, int tag_mode) {
+    const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *specs = td->specifics
+                               ? (const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *)td->specifics
+                               : &asn_SPC_OCTET_STRING_specs;
+       BIT_STRING_t *st = (BIT_STRING_t *)*sptr;
+       asn_dec_rval_t rval;
+       asn_struct_ctx_t *ctx;
+       ssize_t consumed_myself = 0;
+       struct _stack *stck;            /* Expectations stack structure */
+       struct _stack_el *sel = 0;      /* Stack element */
+       int tlv_constr;
+       enum asn_OS_Subvariant type_variant = specs->subvariant;
+
+       ASN_DEBUG("Decoding %s as %s (frame %ld)",
+               td->name,
+               (type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_STR) ?
+                       "OCTET STRING" : "OS-SpecialCase",
+               (long)size);
+
+       /*
+        * Create the string if does not exist.
+        */
+       if(st == NULL) {
+               st = (BIT_STRING_t *)(*sptr = CALLOC(1, specs->struct_size));
+               if(st == NULL) RETURN(RC_FAIL);
+       }
+
+       /* Restore parsing context */
+       ctx = (asn_struct_ctx_t *)((char *)st + specs->ctx_offset);
+
+       switch(ctx->phase) {
+       case 0:
+               /*
+                * Check tags.
+                */
+               rval = ber_check_tags(opt_codec_ctx, td, ctx,
+                       buf_ptr, size, tag_mode, -1,
+                       &ctx->left, &tlv_constr);
+               if(rval.code != RC_OK)
+                       return rval;
+
+               if(tlv_constr) {
+                       /*
+                        * Complex operation, requires stack of expectations.
+                        */
+                       ctx->ptr = _new_stack();
+                       if(!ctx->ptr) {
+                               RETURN(RC_FAIL);
+                       }
+               } else {
+                       /*
+                        * Jump into stackless primitive decoding.
+                        */
+                       _CH_PHASE(ctx, 3);
+                       if(type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_ANY && tag_mode != 1)
+                               APPEND(buf_ptr, rval.consumed);
+                       ADVANCE(rval.consumed);
+                       goto phase3;
+               }
+
+               NEXT_PHASE(ctx);
+               /* Fall through */
+       case 1:
+       phase1:
+               /*
+                * Fill the stack with expectations.
+                */
+               stck = (struct _stack *)ctx->ptr;
+               sel = stck->cur_ptr;
+         do {
+               ber_tlv_tag_t tlv_tag;
+               ber_tlv_len_t tlv_len;
+               ber_tlv_tag_t expected_tag;
+               ssize_t tl, ll, tlvl;
+                               /* This one works even if (sel->left == -1) */
+               size_t Left = ((!sel||(size_t)sel->left >= size)
+                                       ?size:(size_t)sel->left);
+
+
+               ASN_DEBUG("%p, s->l=%ld, s->wn=%ld, s->g=%ld\n", (void *)sel,
+                       (long)(sel?sel->left:0),
+                       (long)(sel?sel->want_nulls:0),
+                       (long)(sel?sel->got:0)
+               );
+               if(sel && sel->left <= 0 && sel->want_nulls == 0) {
+                       if(sel->prev) {
+                               struct _stack_el *prev = sel->prev;
+                               if(prev->left != -1) {
+                                       if(prev->left < sel->got)
+                                               RETURN(RC_FAIL);
+                                       prev->left -= sel->got;
+                               }
+                               prev->got += sel->got;
+                               sel = stck->cur_ptr = prev;
+                               if(!sel) break;
+                               tlv_constr = 1;
+                               continue;
+                       } else {
+                               sel = stck->cur_ptr = 0;
+                               break;  /* Nothing to wait */
+                       }
+               }
+
+               tl = ber_fetch_tag(buf_ptr, Left, &tlv_tag);
+               ASN_DEBUG("fetch tag(size=%ld,L=%ld), %sstack, left=%ld, wn=%ld, tl=%ld",
+                       (long)size, (long)Left, sel?"":"!",
+                       (long)(sel?sel->left:0),
+                       (long)(sel?sel->want_nulls:0),
+                       (long)tl);
+               switch(tl) {
+               case -1: RETURN(RC_FAIL);
+               case 0: RETURN(RC_WMORE);
+               }
+
+               tlv_constr = BER_TLV_CONSTRUCTED(buf_ptr);
+
+               ll = ber_fetch_length(tlv_constr,
+                               (const char *)buf_ptr + tl,Left - tl,&tlv_len);
+               ASN_DEBUG("Got tag=%s, tc=%d, left=%ld, tl=%ld, len=%ld, ll=%ld",
+                       ber_tlv_tag_string(tlv_tag), tlv_constr,
+                               (long)Left, (long)tl, (long)tlv_len, (long)ll);
+               switch(ll) {
+               case -1: RETURN(RC_FAIL);
+               case 0: RETURN(RC_WMORE);
+               }
+
+               if(sel && sel->want_nulls
+                       && ((const uint8_t *)buf_ptr)[0] == 0
+                       && ((const uint8_t *)buf_ptr)[1] == 0)
+               {
+
+                       ASN_DEBUG("Eat EOC; wn=%d--", sel->want_nulls);
+
+                       if(type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_ANY
+                       && (tag_mode != 1 || sel->cont_level))
+                               APPEND("\0\0", 2);
+
+                       ADVANCE(2);
+                       sel->got += 2;
+                       if(sel->left != -1) {
+                               sel->left -= 2; /* assert(sel->left >= 2) */
+                       }
+
+                       sel->want_nulls--;
+                       if(sel->want_nulls == 0) {
+                               /* Move to the next expectation */
+                               sel->left = 0;
+                               tlv_constr = 1;
+                       }
+
+                       continue;
+               }
+
+               /*
+                * Set up expected tags,
+                * depending on ASN.1 type being decoded.
+                */
+               switch(type_variant) {
+               case ASN_OSUBV_BIT:
+                       /* X.690: 8.6.4.1, NOTE 2 */
+                       /* Fall through */
+               case ASN_OSUBV_STR:
+               default:
+                       if(sel) {
+                               unsigned level = sel->cont_level;
+                               if(level < td->all_tags_count) {
+                                       expected_tag = td->all_tags[level];
+                                       break;
+                               } else if(td->all_tags_count) {
+                                       expected_tag = td->all_tags
+                                               [td->all_tags_count - 1];
+                                       break;
+                               }
+                               /* else, Fall through */
+                       }
+                       /* Fall through */
+               case ASN_OSUBV_ANY:
+                       expected_tag = tlv_tag;
+                       break;
+               }
+
+
+               if(tlv_tag != expected_tag) {
+                       char buf[2][32];
+                       ber_tlv_tag_snprint(tlv_tag,
+                               buf[0], sizeof(buf[0]));
+                       ber_tlv_tag_snprint(td->tags[td->tags_count-1],
+                               buf[1], sizeof(buf[1]));
+                       ASN_DEBUG("Tag does not match expectation: %s != %s",
+                               buf[0], buf[1]);
+                       RETURN(RC_FAIL);
+               }
+
+               tlvl = tl + ll; /* Combined length of T and L encoding */
+               if((tlv_len + tlvl) < 0) {
+                       /* tlv_len value is too big */
+                       ASN_DEBUG("TLV encoding + length (%ld) is too big",
+                               (long)tlv_len);
+                       RETURN(RC_FAIL);
+               }
+
+               /*
+                * Append a new expectation.
+                */
+               sel = OS__add_stack_el(stck);
+               if(!sel) RETURN(RC_FAIL);
+
+               sel->tag = tlv_tag;
+
+               sel->want_nulls = (tlv_len==-1);
+               if(sel->prev && sel->prev->left != -1) {
+                       /* Check that the parent frame is big enough */
+                       if(sel->prev->left < tlvl + (tlv_len==-1?0:tlv_len))
+                               RETURN(RC_FAIL);
+                       if(tlv_len == -1)
+                               sel->left = sel->prev->left - tlvl;
+                       else
+                               sel->left = tlv_len;
+               } else {
+                       sel->left = tlv_len;
+               }
+               if(type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_ANY
+               && (tag_mode != 1 || sel->cont_level))
+                       APPEND(buf_ptr, tlvl);
+               sel->got += tlvl;
+               ADVANCE(tlvl);
+
+               ASN_DEBUG("+EXPECT2 got=%ld left=%ld, wn=%d, clvl=%u",
+                       (long)sel->got, (long)sel->left,
+                       sel->want_nulls, sel->cont_level);
+
+         } while(tlv_constr);
+               if(sel == NULL) {
+                       /* Finished operation, "phase out" */
+                       ASN_DEBUG("Phase out");
+                       _CH_PHASE(ctx, +3);
+                       break;
+               }
+
+               NEXT_PHASE(ctx);
+               /* Fall through */
+       case 2:
+               stck = (struct _stack *)ctx->ptr;
+               sel = stck->cur_ptr;
+               ASN_DEBUG("Phase 2: Need %ld bytes, size=%ld, alrg=%ld, wn=%d",
+                       (long)sel->left, (long)size, (long)sel->got,
+                               sel->want_nulls);
+           {
+               ber_tlv_len_t len;
+
+               assert(sel->left >= 0);
+
+               len = ((ber_tlv_len_t)size < sel->left)
+                               ? (ber_tlv_len_t)size : sel->left;
+               if(len > 0) {
+                       if(type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_BIT
+                       && sel->bits_chopped == 0) {
+                               /* Put the unused-bits-octet away */
+                               st->bits_unused = *(const uint8_t *)buf_ptr;
+                               APPEND(((const char *)buf_ptr+1), (len - 1));
+                               sel->bits_chopped = 1;
+                       } else {
+                               APPEND(buf_ptr, len);
+                       }
+                       ADVANCE(len);
+                       sel->left -= len;
+                       sel->got += len;
+               }
+
+               if(sel->left) {
+                       ASN_DEBUG("OS left %ld, size = %ld, wn=%d\n",
+                               (long)sel->left, (long)size, sel->want_nulls);
+                       RETURN(RC_WMORE);
+               }
+
+               PREV_PHASE(ctx);
+               goto phase1;
+           }
+               break;
+       case 3:
+       phase3:
+               /*
+                * Primitive form, no stack required.
+                */
+               assert(ctx->left >= 0);
+
+               if(size < (size_t)ctx->left) {
+                       if(!size) RETURN(RC_WMORE);
+                       if(type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_BIT && !ctx->context) {
+                               st->bits_unused = *(const uint8_t *)buf_ptr;
+                               ctx->left--;
+                               ADVANCE(1);
+                       }
+                       APPEND(buf_ptr, size);
+                       assert(ctx->context > 0);
+                       ctx->left -= size;
+                       ADVANCE(size);
+                       RETURN(RC_WMORE);
+               } else {
+                       if(type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_BIT
+                       && !ctx->context && ctx->left) {
+                               st->bits_unused = *(const uint8_t *)buf_ptr;
+                               ctx->left--;
+                               ADVANCE(1);
+                       }
+                       APPEND(buf_ptr, ctx->left);
+                       ADVANCE(ctx->left);
+                       ctx->left = 0;
+
+                       NEXT_PHASE(ctx);
+               }
+               break;
+       }
+
+       if(sel) {
+               ASN_DEBUG("3sel p=%p, wn=%d, l=%ld, g=%ld, size=%ld",
+                       (void *)sel->prev, sel->want_nulls,
+                       (long)sel->left, (long)sel->got, (long)size);
+               if(sel->prev || sel->want_nulls > 1 || sel->left > 0) {
+                       RETURN(RC_WMORE);
+               }
+       }
+
+       /*
+        * BIT STRING-specific processing.
+        */
+       if(type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_BIT) {
+        if(st->size) {
+                       if(st->bits_unused < 0 || st->bits_unused > 7) {
+                               RETURN(RC_FAIL);
+                       }
+                       /* Finalize BIT STRING: zero out unused bits. */
+                       st->buf[st->size-1] &= 0xff << st->bits_unused;
+               } else {
+                       if(st->bits_unused) {
+                               RETURN(RC_FAIL);
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+
+       ASN_DEBUG("Took %ld bytes to encode %s: [%s]:%ld",
+               (long)consumed_myself, td->name,
+               (type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_STR) ? (char *)st->buf : "<data>",
+               (long)st->size);
+
+
+       RETURN(RC_OK);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Encode OCTET STRING type using DER.
+ */
+asn_enc_rval_t
+OCTET_STRING_encode_der(const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, const void *sptr,
+                        int tag_mode, ber_tlv_tag_t tag,
+                        asn_app_consume_bytes_f *cb, void *app_key) {
+    asn_enc_rval_t er = { 0, 0, 0 };
+       const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *specs = td->specifics
+                               ? (const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *)td->specifics
+                               : &asn_SPC_OCTET_STRING_specs;
+       const BIT_STRING_t *st = (const BIT_STRING_t *)sptr;
+       enum asn_OS_Subvariant type_variant = specs->subvariant;
+       int fix_last_byte = 0;
+
+       ASN_DEBUG("%s %s as OCTET STRING",
+               cb?"Estimating":"Encoding", td->name);
+
+       /*
+        * Write tags.
+        */
+       if(type_variant != ASN_OSUBV_ANY || tag_mode == 1) {
+               er.encoded = der_write_tags(td,
+                               (type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_BIT) + st->size,
+                       tag_mode, type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_ANY, tag,
+                       cb, app_key);
+               if(er.encoded == -1) {
+                       er.failed_type = td;
+                       er.structure_ptr = sptr;
+                       return er;
+               }
+       } else {
+               /* Disallow: [<tag>] IMPLICIT ANY */
+               assert(type_variant != ASN_OSUBV_ANY || tag_mode != -1);
+               er.encoded = 0;
+       }
+
+       if(!cb) {
+               er.encoded += (type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_BIT) + st->size;
+               ASN__ENCODED_OK(er);
+       }
+
+       /*
+        * Prepare to deal with the last octet of BIT STRING.
+        */
+       if(type_variant == ASN_OSUBV_BIT) {
+               uint8_t b = st->bits_unused & 0x07;
+               if(b && st->size) fix_last_byte = 1;
+               ASN__CALLBACK(&b, 1);
+       }
+
+       /* Invoke callback for the main part of the buffer */
+       ASN__CALLBACK(st->buf, st->size - fix_last_byte);
+
+       /* The last octet should be stripped off the unused bits */
+       if(fix_last_byte) {
+               uint8_t b = st->buf[st->size-1] & (0xff << st->bits_unused);
+               ASN__CALLBACK(&b, 1);
+       }
+
+       ASN__ENCODED_OK(er);
+cb_failed:
+       ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+}
+
+asn_enc_rval_t
+OCTET_STRING_encode_xer(const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, const void *sptr,
+                        int ilevel, enum xer_encoder_flags_e flags,
+                        asn_app_consume_bytes_f *cb, void *app_key) {
+    const char * const h2c = "0123456789ABCDEF";
+       const OCTET_STRING_t *st = (const OCTET_STRING_t *)sptr;
+       asn_enc_rval_t er = { 0, 0, 0 };
+       char scratch[16 * 3 + 4];
+       char *p = scratch;
+       uint8_t *buf;
+       uint8_t *end;
+       size_t i;
+
+       if(!st || (!st->buf && st->size))
+               ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+
+       er.encoded = 0;
+
+       /*
+        * Dump the contents of the buffer in hexadecimal.
+        */
+       buf = st->buf;
+       end = buf + st->size;
+       if(flags & XER_F_CANONICAL) {
+               char *scend = scratch + (sizeof(scratch) - 2);
+               for(; buf < end; buf++) {
+                       if(p >= scend) {
+                               ASN__CALLBACK(scratch, p - scratch);
+                               p = scratch;
+                       }
+                       *p++ = h2c[(*buf >> 4) & 0x0F];
+                       *p++ = h2c[*buf & 0x0F];
+               }
+
+               ASN__CALLBACK(scratch, p-scratch);      /* Dump the rest */
+       } else {
+               for(i = 0; buf < end; buf++, i++) {
+                       if(!(i % 16) && (i || st->size > 16)) {
+                               ASN__CALLBACK(scratch, p-scratch);
+                               p = scratch;
+                               ASN__TEXT_INDENT(1, ilevel);
+                       }
+                       *p++ = h2c[(*buf >> 4) & 0x0F];
+                       *p++ = h2c[*buf & 0x0F];
+                       *p++ = 0x20;
+               }
+               if(p - scratch) {
+                       p--;    /* Remove the tail space */
+                       ASN__CALLBACK(scratch, p-scratch); /* Dump the rest */
+                       if(st->size > 16)
+                               ASN__TEXT_INDENT(1, ilevel-1);
+               }
+       }
+
+       ASN__ENCODED_OK(er);
+cb_failed:
+       ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+}
+
+static const struct OCTET_STRING__xer_escape_table_s {
+       const char *string;
+       int size;
+} OCTET_STRING__xer_escape_table[] = {
+#define        OSXET(s)        { s, sizeof(s) - 1 }
+       OSXET("\074\156\165\154\057\076"),      /* <nul/> */
+       OSXET("\074\163\157\150\057\076"),      /* <soh/> */
+       OSXET("\074\163\164\170\057\076"),      /* <stx/> */
+       OSXET("\074\145\164\170\057\076"),      /* <etx/> */
+       OSXET("\074\145\157\164\057\076"),      /* <eot/> */
+       OSXET("\074\145\156\161\057\076"),      /* <enq/> */
+       OSXET("\074\141\143\153\057\076"),      /* <ack/> */
+       OSXET("\074\142\145\154\057\076"),      /* <bel/> */
+       OSXET("\074\142\163\057\076"),          /* <bs/> */
+       OSXET("\011"),                          /* \t */
+       OSXET("\012"),                          /* \n */
+       OSXET("\074\166\164\057\076"),          /* <vt/> */
+       OSXET("\074\146\146\057\076"),          /* <ff/> */
+       OSXET("\015"),                          /* \r */
+       OSXET("\074\163\157\057\076"),          /* <so/> */
+       OSXET("\074\163\151\057\076"),          /* <si/> */
+       OSXET("\074\144\154\145\057\076"),      /* <dle/> */
+       OSXET("\074\144\143\061\057\076"),      /* <de1/> */
+       OSXET("\074\144\143\062\057\076"),      /* <de2/> */
+       OSXET("\074\144\143\063\057\076"),      /* <de3/> */
+       OSXET("\074\144\143\064\057\076"),      /* <de4/> */
+       OSXET("\074\156\141\153\057\076"),      /* <nak/> */
+       OSXET("\074\163\171\156\057\076"),      /* <syn/> */
+       OSXET("\074\145\164\142\057\076"),      /* <etb/> */
+       OSXET("\074\143\141\156\057\076"),      /* <can/> */
+       OSXET("\074\145\155\057\076"),          /* <em/> */
+       OSXET("\074\163\165\142\057\076"),      /* <sub/> */
+       OSXET("\074\145\163\143\057\076"),      /* <esc/> */
+       OSXET("\074\151\163\064\057\076"),      /* <is4/> */
+       OSXET("\074\151\163\063\057\076"),      /* <is3/> */
+       OSXET("\074\151\163\062\057\076"),      /* <is2/> */
+       OSXET("\074\151\163\061\057\076"),      /* <is1/> */
+       { 0, 0 },       /* " " */
+       { 0, 0 },       /* ! */
+       { 0, 0 },       /* \" */
+       { 0, 0 },       /* # */
+       { 0, 0 },       /* $ */
+       { 0, 0 },       /* % */
+       OSXET("\046\141\155\160\073"),  /* &amp; */
+       { 0, 0 },       /* ' */
+       {0,0},{0,0},{0,0},{0,0},{0,0},{0,0},{0,0},{0,0}, /* ()*+,-./ */
+       {0,0},{0,0},{0,0},{0,0},{0,0},{0,0},{0,0},{0,0}, /* 01234567 */
+       {0,0},{0,0},{0,0},{0,0},                         /* 89:; */
+       OSXET("\046\154\164\073"),      /* &lt; */
+       { 0, 0 },       /* = */
+       OSXET("\046\147\164\073"),      /* &gt; */
+};
+
+static int
+OS__check_escaped_control_char(const void *buf, int size) {
+       size_t i;
+       /*
+        * Inefficient algorithm which translates the escape sequences
+        * defined above into characters. Returns -1 if not found.
+        * TODO: replace by a faster algorithm (bsearch(), hash or
+        * nested table lookups).
+        */
+       for(i = 0; i < 32 /* Don't spend time on the bottom half */; i++) {
+               const struct OCTET_STRING__xer_escape_table_s *el;
+               el = &OCTET_STRING__xer_escape_table[i];
+               if(el->size == size && memcmp(buf, el->string, size) == 0)
+                       return i;
+       }
+       return -1;
+}
+
+static int
+OCTET_STRING__handle_control_chars(void *struct_ptr, const void *chunk_buf, size_t chunk_size) {
+       /*
+        * This might be one of the escape sequences
+        * for control characters. Check it out.
+        * #11.15.5
+        */
+       int control_char = OS__check_escaped_control_char(chunk_buf,chunk_size);
+       if(control_char >= 0) {
+               OCTET_STRING_t *st = (OCTET_STRING_t *)struct_ptr;
+               void *p = REALLOC(st->buf, st->size + 2);
+               if(p) {
+                       st->buf = (uint8_t *)p;
+                       st->buf[st->size++] = control_char;
+                       st->buf[st->size] = '\0';       /* nul-termination */
+                       return 0;
+               }
+       }
+
+       return -1;      /* No, it's not */
+}
+
+asn_enc_rval_t
+OCTET_STRING_encode_xer_utf8(const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, const void *sptr,
+                             int ilevel, enum xer_encoder_flags_e flags,
+                             asn_app_consume_bytes_f *cb, void *app_key) {
+       const OCTET_STRING_t *st = (const OCTET_STRING_t *)sptr;
+       asn_enc_rval_t er = { 0, 0, 0 };
+       uint8_t *buf, *end;
+       uint8_t *ss;    /* Sequence start */
+       ssize_t encoded_len = 0;
+
+       (void)ilevel;   /* Unused argument */
+       (void)flags;    /* Unused argument */
+
+       if(!st || (!st->buf && st->size))
+               ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+
+       buf = st->buf;
+       end = buf + st->size;
+       for(ss = buf; buf < end; buf++) {
+               unsigned int ch = *buf;
+               int s_len;      /* Special encoding sequence length */
+
+               /*
+                * Escape certain characters: X.680/11.15
+                */
+               if(ch < sizeof(OCTET_STRING__xer_escape_table)
+                       /sizeof(OCTET_STRING__xer_escape_table[0])
+               && (s_len = OCTET_STRING__xer_escape_table[ch].size)) {
+                       if(((buf - ss) && cb(ss, buf - ss, app_key) < 0)
+                       || cb(OCTET_STRING__xer_escape_table[ch].string, s_len,
+                                       app_key) < 0)
+                               ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+                       encoded_len += (buf - ss) + s_len;
+                       ss = buf + 1;
+               }
+       }
+
+       encoded_len += (buf - ss);
+       if((buf - ss) && cb(ss, buf - ss, app_key) < 0)
+               ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+
+       er.encoded = encoded_len;
+       ASN__ENCODED_OK(er);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert from hexadecimal format (cstring): "AB CD EF"
+ */
+static ssize_t OCTET_STRING__convert_hexadecimal(void *sptr, const void *chunk_buf, size_t chunk_size, int have_more) {
+       OCTET_STRING_t *st = (OCTET_STRING_t *)sptr;
+       const char *chunk_stop = (const char *)chunk_buf;
+       const char *p = chunk_stop;
+       const char *pend = p + chunk_size;
+       unsigned int clv = 0;
+       int half = 0;   /* Half bit */
+       uint8_t *buf;
+
+       /* Reallocate buffer according to high cap estimation */
+       size_t new_size = st->size + (chunk_size + 1) / 2;
+       void *nptr = REALLOC(st->buf, new_size + 1);
+       if(!nptr) return -1;
+       st->buf = (uint8_t *)nptr;
+       buf = st->buf + st->size;
+
+       /*
+        * If something like " a b c " appears here, the " a b":3 will be
+        * converted, and the rest skipped. That is, unless buf_size is greater
+        * than chunk_size, then it'll be equivalent to "ABC0".
+        */
+       for(; p < pend; p++) {
+               int ch = *(const unsigned char *)p;
+               switch(ch) {
+               case 0x09: case 0x0a: case 0x0c: case 0x0d:
+               case 0x20:
+                       /* Ignore whitespace */
+                       continue;
+               case 0x30: case 0x31: case 0x32: case 0x33: case 0x34: /*01234*/
+               case 0x35: case 0x36: case 0x37: case 0x38: case 0x39: /*56789*/
+                       clv = (clv << 4) + (ch - 0x30);
+                       break;
+               case 0x41: case 0x42: case 0x43:        /* ABC */
+               case 0x44: case 0x45: case 0x46:        /* DEF */
+                       clv = (clv << 4) + (ch - 0x41 + 10);
+                       break;
+               case 0x61: case 0x62: case 0x63:        /* abc */
+               case 0x64: case 0x65: case 0x66:        /* def */
+                       clv = (clv << 4) + (ch - 0x61 + 10);
+                       break;
+               default:
+                       *buf = 0;       /* JIC */
+                       return -1;
+               }
+               if(half++) {
+                       half = 0;
+                       *buf++ = clv;
+                       chunk_stop = p + 1;
+               }
+       }
+
+       /*
+        * Check partial decoding.
+        */
+       if(half) {
+               if(have_more) {
+                       /*
+                        * Partial specification is fine,
+                        * because no more more PXER_TEXT data is available.
+                        */
+                       *buf++ = clv << 4;
+                       chunk_stop = p;
+               }
+       } else {
+               chunk_stop = p;
+       }
+
+       st->size = buf - st->buf;       /* Adjust the buffer size */
+       assert(st->size <= new_size);
+       st->buf[st->size] = 0;          /* Courtesy termination */
+
+       return (chunk_stop - (const char *)chunk_buf);  /* Converted size */
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert from binary format: "00101011101"
+ */
+static ssize_t OCTET_STRING__convert_binary(void *sptr, const void *chunk_buf, size_t chunk_size, int have_more) {
+       BIT_STRING_t *st = (BIT_STRING_t *)sptr;
+       const char *p = (const char *)chunk_buf;
+       const char *pend = p + chunk_size;
+       int bits_unused = st->bits_unused & 0x7;
+       uint8_t *buf;
+
+       /* Reallocate buffer according to high cap estimation */
+       size_t new_size = st->size + (chunk_size + 7) / 8;
+       void *nptr = REALLOC(st->buf, new_size + 1);
+       if(!nptr) return -1;
+       st->buf = (uint8_t *)nptr;
+       buf = st->buf + st->size;
+
+       (void)have_more;
+
+       if(bits_unused == 0)
+               bits_unused = 8;
+       else if(st->size)
+               buf--;
+
+       /*
+        * Convert series of 0 and 1 into the octet string.
+        */
+       for(; p < pend; p++) {
+               int ch = *(const unsigned char *)p;
+               switch(ch) {
+               case 0x09: case 0x0a: case 0x0c: case 0x0d:
+               case 0x20:
+                       /* Ignore whitespace */
+                       break;
+               case 0x30:
+               case 0x31:
+                       if(bits_unused-- <= 0) {
+                               *++buf = 0;     /* Clean the cell */
+                               bits_unused = 7;
+                       }
+                       *buf |= (ch&1) << bits_unused;
+                       break;
+               default:
+                       st->bits_unused = bits_unused;
+                       return -1;
+               }
+       }
+
+       if(bits_unused == 8) {
+               st->size = buf - st->buf;
+               st->bits_unused = 0;
+       } else {
+               st->size = buf - st->buf + 1;
+               st->bits_unused = bits_unused;
+       }
+
+       assert(st->size <= new_size);
+       st->buf[st->size] = 0;          /* Courtesy termination */
+
+       return chunk_size;      /* Converted in full */
+}
+
+/*
+ * Something like strtod(), but with stricter rules.
+ */
+static int
+OS__strtoent(int base, const char *buf, const char *end, int32_t *ret_value) {
+       const int32_t last_unicode_codepoint = 0x10ffff;
+       int32_t val = 0;
+       const char *p;
+
+       for(p = buf; p < end; p++) {
+               int ch = *p;
+
+               switch(ch) {
+               case 0x30: case 0x31: case 0x32: case 0x33: case 0x34: /*01234*/
+               case 0x35: case 0x36: case 0x37: case 0x38: case 0x39: /*56789*/
+                       val = val * base + (ch - 0x30);
+                       break;
+               case 0x41: case 0x42: case 0x43:        /* ABC */
+               case 0x44: case 0x45: case 0x46:        /* DEF */
+                       val = val * base + (ch - 0x41 + 10);
+                       break;
+               case 0x61: case 0x62: case 0x63:        /* abc */
+               case 0x64: case 0x65: case 0x66:        /* def */
+                       val = val * base + (ch - 0x61 + 10);
+                       break;
+               case 0x3b:      /* ';' */
+                       *ret_value = val;
+                       return (p - buf) + 1;
+               default:
+                       return -1;      /* Character set error */
+               }
+
+               /* Value exceeds the Unicode range. */
+               if(val > last_unicode_codepoint) {
+                       return -1;
+               }
+       }
+
+       *ret_value = -1;
+       return (p - buf);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert from the plain UTF-8 format, expanding entity references: "2 &lt; 3"
+ */
+static ssize_t
+OCTET_STRING__convert_entrefs(void *sptr, const void *chunk_buf,
+                              size_t chunk_size, int have_more) {
+    OCTET_STRING_t *st = (OCTET_STRING_t *)sptr;
+       const char *p = (const char *)chunk_buf;
+       const char *pend = p + chunk_size;
+       uint8_t *buf;
+
+       /* Reallocate buffer */
+       size_t new_size = st->size + chunk_size;
+       void *nptr = REALLOC(st->buf, new_size + 1);
+       if(!nptr) return -1;
+       st->buf = (uint8_t *)nptr;
+       buf = st->buf + st->size;
+
+       /*
+        * Convert series of 0 and 1 into the octet string.
+        */
+       for(; p < pend; p++) {
+               int ch = *(const unsigned char *)p;
+               int len;        /* Length of the rest of the chunk */
+
+               if(ch != 0x26 /* '&' */) {
+                       *buf++ = ch;
+                       continue;       /* That was easy... */
+               }
+
+               /*
+                * Process entity reference.
+                */
+               len = chunk_size - (p - (const char *)chunk_buf);
+               if(len == 1 /* "&" */) goto want_more;
+               if(p[1] == 0x23 /* '#' */) {
+                       const char *pval;       /* Pointer to start of digits */
+                       int32_t val = 0;        /* Entity reference value */
+                       int base;
+
+                       if(len == 2 /* "&#" */) goto want_more;
+                       if(p[2] == 0x78 /* 'x' */)
+                               pval = p + 3, base = 16;
+                       else
+                               pval = p + 2, base = 10;
+                       len = OS__strtoent(base, pval, p + len, &val);
+                       if(len == -1) {
+                               /* Invalid charset. Just copy verbatim. */
+                               *buf++ = ch;
+                               continue;
+                       }
+                       if(!len || pval[len-1] != 0x3b) goto want_more;
+                       assert(val > 0);
+                       p += (pval - p) + len - 1; /* Advance past entref */
+
+                       if(val < 0x80) {
+                               *buf++ = (char)val;
+                       } else if(val < 0x800) {
+                               *buf++ = 0xc0 | ((val >> 6));
+                               *buf++ = 0x80 | ((val & 0x3f));
+                       } else if(val < 0x10000) {
+                               *buf++ = 0xe0 | ((val >> 12));
+                               *buf++ = 0x80 | ((val >> 6) & 0x3f);
+                               *buf++ = 0x80 | ((val & 0x3f));
+                       } else if(val < 0x200000) {
+                               *buf++ = 0xf0 | ((val >> 18));
+                               *buf++ = 0x80 | ((val >> 12) & 0x3f);
+                               *buf++ = 0x80 | ((val >> 6) & 0x3f);
+                               *buf++ = 0x80 | ((val & 0x3f));
+                       } else if(val < 0x4000000) {
+                               *buf++ = 0xf8 | ((val >> 24));
+                               *buf++ = 0x80 | ((val >> 18) & 0x3f);
+                               *buf++ = 0x80 | ((val >> 12) & 0x3f);
+                               *buf++ = 0x80 | ((val >> 6) & 0x3f);
+                               *buf++ = 0x80 | ((val & 0x3f));
+                       } else {
+                               *buf++ = 0xfc | ((val >> 30) & 0x1);
+                               *buf++ = 0x80 | ((val >> 24) & 0x3f);
+                               *buf++ = 0x80 | ((val >> 18) & 0x3f);
+                               *buf++ = 0x80 | ((val >> 12) & 0x3f);
+                               *buf++ = 0x80 | ((val >> 6) & 0x3f);
+                               *buf++ = 0x80 | ((val & 0x3f));
+                       }
+               } else {
+                       /*
+                        * Ugly, limited parsing of &amp; &gt; &lt;
+                        */
+                       char *sc = (char *)memchr(p, 0x3b, len > 5 ? 5 : len);
+                       if(!sc) goto want_more;
+                       if((sc - p) == 4
+                               && p[1] == 0x61 /* 'a' */
+                               && p[2] == 0x6d /* 'm' */
+                               && p[3] == 0x70 /* 'p' */) {
+                               *buf++ = 0x26;
+                               p = sc;
+                               continue;
+                       }
+                       if((sc - p) == 3) {
+                               if(p[1] == 0x6c) {
+                                       *buf = 0x3c;    /* '<' */
+                               } else if(p[1] == 0x67) {
+                                       *buf = 0x3e;    /* '>' */
+                               } else {
+                                       /* Unsupported entity reference */
+                                       *buf++ = ch;
+                                       continue;
+                               }
+                               if(p[2] != 0x74) {
+                                       /* Unsupported entity reference */
+                                       *buf++ = ch;
+                                       continue;
+                               }
+                               buf++;
+                               p = sc;
+                               continue;
+                       }
+                       /* Unsupported entity reference */
+                       *buf++ = ch;
+               }
+
+               continue;
+       want_more:
+               if(have_more) {
+                       /*
+                        * We know that no more data (of the same type)
+                        * is coming. Copy the rest verbatim.
+                        */
+                       *buf++ = ch;
+                       continue;
+               }
+               chunk_size = (p - (const char *)chunk_buf);
+               /* Processing stalled: need more data */
+               break;
+       }
+
+       st->size = buf - st->buf;
+       assert(st->size <= new_size);
+       st->buf[st->size] = 0;          /* Courtesy termination */
+
+       return chunk_size;      /* Converted in full */
+}
+
+/*
+ * Decode OCTET STRING from the XML element's body.
+ */
+static asn_dec_rval_t
+OCTET_STRING__decode_xer(
+    const asn_codec_ctx_t *opt_codec_ctx, const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td,
+    void **sptr, const char *opt_mname, const void *buf_ptr, size_t size,
+    int (*opt_unexpected_tag_decoder)(void *struct_ptr, const void *chunk_buf,
+                                      size_t chunk_size),
+    ssize_t (*body_receiver)(void *struct_ptr, const void *chunk_buf,
+                             size_t chunk_size, int have_more)) {
+    OCTET_STRING_t *st = (OCTET_STRING_t *)*sptr;
+       const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *specs = td->specifics
+                               ? (const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *)td->specifics
+                               : &asn_SPC_OCTET_STRING_specs;
+       const char *xml_tag = opt_mname ? opt_mname : td->xml_tag;
+       asn_struct_ctx_t *ctx;          /* Per-structure parser context */
+       asn_dec_rval_t rval;            /* Return value from the decoder */
+       int st_allocated;
+
+       /*
+        * Create the string if does not exist.
+        */
+       if(!st) {
+               st = (OCTET_STRING_t *)CALLOC(1, specs->struct_size);
+               *sptr = (void *)st;
+               if(!st) goto sta_failed;
+               st_allocated = 1;
+       } else {
+               st_allocated = 0;
+       }
+       if(!st->buf) {
+               /* This is separate from above section */
+               st->buf = (uint8_t *)CALLOC(1, 1);
+               if(!st->buf) {
+                       if(st_allocated) {
+                               *sptr = 0;
+                               goto stb_failed;
+                       } else {
+                               goto sta_failed;
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+
+       /* Restore parsing context */
+       ctx = (asn_struct_ctx_t *)(((char *)*sptr) + specs->ctx_offset);
+
+       return xer_decode_general(opt_codec_ctx, ctx, *sptr, xml_tag,
+               buf_ptr, size, opt_unexpected_tag_decoder, body_receiver);
+
+stb_failed:
+       FREEMEM(st);
+sta_failed:
+       rval.code = RC_FAIL;
+       rval.consumed = 0;
+       return rval;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Decode OCTET STRING from the hexadecimal data.
+ */
+asn_dec_rval_t
+OCTET_STRING_decode_xer_hex(const asn_codec_ctx_t *opt_codec_ctx,
+                            const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, void **sptr,
+                            const char *opt_mname, const void *buf_ptr,
+                            size_t size) {
+    return OCTET_STRING__decode_xer(opt_codec_ctx, td, sptr, opt_mname,
+               buf_ptr, size, 0, OCTET_STRING__convert_hexadecimal);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Decode OCTET STRING from the binary (0/1) data.
+ */
+asn_dec_rval_t
+OCTET_STRING_decode_xer_binary(const asn_codec_ctx_t *opt_codec_ctx,
+                               const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, void **sptr,
+                               const char *opt_mname, const void *buf_ptr,
+                               size_t size) {
+    return OCTET_STRING__decode_xer(opt_codec_ctx, td, sptr, opt_mname,
+               buf_ptr, size, 0, OCTET_STRING__convert_binary);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Decode OCTET STRING from the string (ASCII/UTF-8) data.
+ */
+asn_dec_rval_t
+OCTET_STRING_decode_xer_utf8(const asn_codec_ctx_t *opt_codec_ctx,
+                             const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, void **sptr,
+                             const char *opt_mname, const void *buf_ptr,
+                             size_t size) {
+    return OCTET_STRING__decode_xer(opt_codec_ctx, td, sptr, opt_mname,
+               buf_ptr, size,
+               OCTET_STRING__handle_control_chars,
+               OCTET_STRING__convert_entrefs);
+}
+
+#ifndef  ASN_DISABLE_PER_SUPPORT
+
+static int
+OCTET_STRING_per_get_characters(asn_per_data_t *po, uint8_t *buf,
+               size_t units, unsigned int bpc, unsigned int unit_bits,
+               long lb, long ub, const asn_per_constraints_t *pc) {
+       uint8_t *end = buf + units * bpc;
+
+       ASN_DEBUG("Expanding %d characters into (%ld..%ld):%d",
+               (int)units, lb, ub, unit_bits);
+
+       /* X.691: 27.5.4 */
+       if((unsigned long)ub <= ((unsigned long)2 << (unit_bits - 1))) {
+               /* Decode without translation */
+               lb = 0;
+       } else if(pc && pc->code2value) {
+               if(unit_bits > 16)
+                       return 1;       /* FATAL: can't have constrained
+                                        * UniversalString with more than
+                                        * 16 million code points */
+               for(; buf < end; buf += bpc) {
+                       int value;
+                       int code = per_get_few_bits(po, unit_bits);
+                       if(code < 0) return -1; /* WMORE */
+                       value = pc->code2value(code);
+                       if(value < 0) {
+                               ASN_DEBUG("Code %d (0x%02x) is"
+                                       " not in map (%ld..%ld)",
+                                       code, code, lb, ub);
+                               return 1;       /* FATAL */
+                       }
+                       switch(bpc) {
+                       case 1: *buf = value; break;
+                       case 2: buf[0] = value >> 8; buf[1] = value; break;
+                       case 4: buf[0] = value >> 24; buf[1] = value >> 16;
+                               buf[2] = value >> 8; buf[3] = value; break;
+                       }
+               }
+               return 0;
+       }
+
+       /* Shortcut the no-op copying to the aligned structure */
+       if(lb == 0 && (unit_bits == 8 * bpc)) {
+               return per_get_many_bits(po, buf, 0, unit_bits * units);
+       }
+
+       for(; buf < end; buf += bpc) {
+               int32_t code = per_get_few_bits(po, unit_bits);
+               int32_t ch = code + lb;
+               if(code < 0) return -1; /* WMORE */
+               if(ch > ub) {
+                       ASN_DEBUG("Code %d is out of range (%ld..%ld)",
+                               ch, lb, ub);
+                       return 1;       /* FATAL */
+               }
+               switch(bpc) {
+               case 1: *buf = ch; break;
+               case 2: buf[0] = ch >> 8; buf[1] = ch; break;
+               case 4: buf[0] = ch >> 24; buf[1] = ch >> 16;
+                       buf[2] = ch >> 8; buf[3] = ch; break;
+               }
+       }
+
+       return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+OCTET_STRING_per_put_characters(asn_per_outp_t *po, const uint8_t *buf,
+               size_t units, unsigned int bpc, unsigned int unit_bits,
+               long lb, long ub, const asn_per_constraints_t *pc) {
+       const uint8_t *end = buf + units * bpc;
+
+       ASN_DEBUG("Squeezing %d characters into (%ld..%ld):%d (%d bpc)",
+               (int)units, lb, ub, unit_bits, bpc);
+
+       /* X.691: 27.5.4 */
+       if((unsigned long)ub <= ((unsigned long)2 << (unit_bits - 1))) {
+               /* Encode as is */
+               lb = 0;
+       } else if(pc && pc->value2code) {
+               for(; buf < end; buf += bpc) {
+                       int code;
+                       uint32_t value;
+                       switch(bpc) {
+                       case 1: value = *(const uint8_t *)buf; break;
+                       case 2: value = (buf[0] << 8) | buf[1]; break;
+                       case 4: value = (buf[0] << 24) | (buf[1] << 16)
+                                       | (buf[2] << 8) | buf[3]; break;
+                       default: return -1;
+                       }
+                       code = pc->value2code(value);
+                       if(code < 0) {
+                               ASN_DEBUG("Character %d (0x%02x) is"
+                                       " not in map (%ld..%ld)",
+                                       *buf, *buf, lb, ub);
+                               return -1;
+                       }
+                       if(per_put_few_bits(po, code, unit_bits))
+                               return -1;
+               }
+       }
+
+       /* Shortcut the no-op copying to the aligned structure */
+       if(lb == 0 && (unit_bits == 8 * bpc)) {
+               return per_put_many_bits(po, buf, unit_bits * units);
+       }
+
+    for(ub -= lb; buf < end; buf += bpc) {
+        int ch;
+        uint32_t value;
+        switch(bpc) {
+        case 1:
+            value = *(const uint8_t *)buf;
+            break;
+        case 2:
+            value = (buf[0] << 8) | buf[1];
+            break;
+        case 4:
+            value = (buf[0] << 24) | (buf[1] << 16) | (buf[2] << 8) | buf[3];
+            break;
+        default:
+            return -1;
+        }
+        ch = value - lb;
+        if(ch < 0 || ch > ub) {
+            ASN_DEBUG("Character %d (0x%02x) is out of range (%ld..%ld)", *buf,
+                      value, lb, ub + lb);
+            return -1;
+        }
+        if(per_put_few_bits(po, ch, unit_bits)) return -1;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static asn_per_constraints_t asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_constraints = {
+       { APC_CONSTRAINED, 8, 8, 0, 255 },
+       { APC_SEMI_CONSTRAINED, -1, -1, 0, 0 },
+       0, 0
+};
+
+asn_dec_rval_t
+OCTET_STRING_decode_uper(const asn_codec_ctx_t *opt_codec_ctx,
+                         const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td,
+                         const asn_per_constraints_t *constraints, void **sptr,
+                         asn_per_data_t *pd) {
+    const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *specs = td->specifics
+               ? (const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *)td->specifics
+               : &asn_SPC_OCTET_STRING_specs;
+    const asn_per_constraints_t *pc =
+        constraints ? constraints : td->encoding_constraints.per_constraints;
+    const asn_per_constraint_t *cval;
+       const asn_per_constraint_t *csiz;
+       asn_dec_rval_t rval = { RC_OK, 0 };
+       OCTET_STRING_t *st = (OCTET_STRING_t *)*sptr;
+       ssize_t consumed_myself = 0;
+       int repeat;
+       enum {
+               OS__BPC_CHAR    = 1,
+               OS__BPC_U16     = 2,
+               OS__BPC_U32     = 4
+       } bpc;  /* Bytes per character */
+       unsigned int unit_bits;
+       unsigned int canonical_unit_bits;
+
+       (void)opt_codec_ctx;
+
+       if(pc) {
+               cval = &pc->value;
+               csiz = &pc->size;
+       } else {
+               cval = &asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_constraints.value;
+               csiz = &asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_constraints.size;
+       }
+
+       switch(specs->subvariant) {
+       default:
+       case ASN_OSUBV_ANY:
+       case ASN_OSUBV_BIT:
+               ASN_DEBUG("Unrecognized subvariant %d", specs->subvariant);
+               RETURN(RC_FAIL);
+               break;
+       case ASN_OSUBV_STR:
+               canonical_unit_bits = unit_bits = 8;
+               if(cval->flags & APC_CONSTRAINED)
+                       unit_bits = cval->range_bits;
+               bpc = OS__BPC_CHAR;
+               break;
+       case ASN_OSUBV_U16:
+               canonical_unit_bits = unit_bits = 16;
+               if(cval->flags & APC_CONSTRAINED)
+                       unit_bits = cval->range_bits;
+               bpc = OS__BPC_U16;
+               break;
+       case ASN_OSUBV_U32:
+               canonical_unit_bits = unit_bits = 32;
+               if(cval->flags & APC_CONSTRAINED)
+                       unit_bits = cval->range_bits;
+               bpc = OS__BPC_U32;
+               break;
+       }
+
+       /*
+        * Allocate the string.
+        */
+       if(!st) {
+               st = (OCTET_STRING_t *)(*sptr = CALLOC(1, specs->struct_size));
+               if(!st) RETURN(RC_FAIL);
+       }
+
+       ASN_DEBUG("PER Decoding %s size %ld .. %ld bits %d",
+               csiz->flags & APC_EXTENSIBLE ? "extensible" : "non-extensible",
+               csiz->lower_bound, csiz->upper_bound, csiz->effective_bits);
+
+       if(csiz->flags & APC_EXTENSIBLE) {
+               int inext = per_get_few_bits(pd, 1);
+               if(inext < 0) RETURN(RC_WMORE);
+               if(inext) {
+                       csiz = &asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_constraints.size;
+                       unit_bits = canonical_unit_bits;
+               }
+       }
+
+       if(csiz->effective_bits >= 0) {
+               FREEMEM(st->buf);
+               if(bpc) {
+                       st->size = csiz->upper_bound * bpc;
+               } else {
+                       st->size = (csiz->upper_bound + 7) >> 3;
+               }
+               st->buf = (uint8_t *)MALLOC(st->size + 1);
+               if(!st->buf) { st->size = 0; RETURN(RC_FAIL); }
+       }
+
+       /* X.691, #16.5: zero-length encoding */
+       /* X.691, #16.6: short fixed length encoding (up to 2 octets) */
+       /* X.691, #16.7: long fixed length encoding (up to 64K octets) */
+       if(csiz->effective_bits == 0) {
+               int ret;
+               if(bpc) {
+                       ASN_DEBUG("Encoding OCTET STRING size %ld",
+                               csiz->upper_bound);
+                       ret = OCTET_STRING_per_get_characters(pd, st->buf,
+                               csiz->upper_bound, bpc, unit_bits,
+                               cval->lower_bound, cval->upper_bound, pc);
+                       if(ret > 0) RETURN(RC_FAIL);
+               } else {
+                       ASN_DEBUG("Encoding BIT STRING size %ld",
+                               csiz->upper_bound);
+                       ret = per_get_many_bits(pd, st->buf, 0,
+                                           unit_bits * csiz->upper_bound);
+               }
+               if(ret < 0) RETURN(RC_WMORE);
+               consumed_myself += unit_bits * csiz->upper_bound;
+               st->buf[st->size] = 0;
+               RETURN(RC_OK);
+       }
+
+       st->size = 0;
+       do {
+               ssize_t raw_len;
+               ssize_t len_bytes;
+               void *p;
+               int ret;
+
+               /* Get the PER length */
+               raw_len = uper_get_length(pd, csiz->effective_bits, csiz->lower_bound,
+                                         &repeat);
+               if(raw_len < 0) RETURN(RC_WMORE);
+               if(raw_len == 0 && st->buf) break;
+
+               ASN_DEBUG("Got PER length eb %ld, len %ld, %s (%s)",
+                       (long)csiz->effective_bits, (long)raw_len,
+                       repeat ? "repeat" : "once", td->name);
+        len_bytes = raw_len * bpc;
+               p = REALLOC(st->buf, st->size + len_bytes + 1);
+               if(!p) RETURN(RC_FAIL);
+               st->buf = (uint8_t *)p;
+
+        ret = OCTET_STRING_per_get_characters(pd, &st->buf[st->size], raw_len,
+                                              bpc, unit_bits, cval->lower_bound,
+                                              cval->upper_bound, pc);
+        if(ret > 0) RETURN(RC_FAIL);
+               if(ret < 0) RETURN(RC_WMORE);
+               st->size += len_bytes;
+       } while(repeat);
+       st->buf[st->size] = 0;  /* nul-terminate */
+
+       return rval;
+}
+
+asn_enc_rval_t
+OCTET_STRING_encode_uper(const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td,
+                         const asn_per_constraints_t *constraints,
+                         const void *sptr, asn_per_outp_t *po) {
+    const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *specs = td->specifics
+               ? (const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *)td->specifics
+               : &asn_SPC_OCTET_STRING_specs;
+       const asn_per_constraints_t *pc = constraints ? constraints
+                               : td->encoding_constraints.per_constraints;
+       const asn_per_constraint_t *cval;
+       const asn_per_constraint_t *csiz;
+       const OCTET_STRING_t *st = (const OCTET_STRING_t *)sptr;
+       asn_enc_rval_t er = { 0, 0, 0 };
+       int inext = 0;          /* Lies not within extension root */
+       unsigned int unit_bits;
+       unsigned int canonical_unit_bits;
+       size_t size_in_units;
+       const uint8_t *buf;
+       int ret;
+       enum {
+               OS__BPC_CHAR    = 1,
+               OS__BPC_U16     = 2,
+               OS__BPC_U32     = 4
+       } bpc;  /* Bytes per character */
+       int ct_extensible;
+
+       if(!st || (!st->buf && st->size))
+               ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+
+       if(pc) {
+               cval = &pc->value;
+               csiz = &pc->size;
+       } else {
+               cval = &asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_constraints.value;
+               csiz = &asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_constraints.size;
+       }
+       ct_extensible = csiz->flags & APC_EXTENSIBLE;
+
+       switch(specs->subvariant) {
+       default:
+       case ASN_OSUBV_ANY:
+       case ASN_OSUBV_BIT:
+               ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+       case ASN_OSUBV_STR:
+               canonical_unit_bits = unit_bits = 8;
+               if(cval->flags & APC_CONSTRAINED)
+                       unit_bits = cval->range_bits;
+               bpc = OS__BPC_CHAR;
+               size_in_units = st->size;
+               break;
+       case ASN_OSUBV_U16:
+               canonical_unit_bits = unit_bits = 16;
+               if(cval->flags & APC_CONSTRAINED)
+                       unit_bits = cval->range_bits;
+               bpc = OS__BPC_U16;
+               size_in_units = st->size >> 1;
+               if(st->size & 1) {
+                       ASN_DEBUG("%s string size is not modulo 2", td->name);
+                       ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+               }
+               break;
+       case ASN_OSUBV_U32:
+               canonical_unit_bits = unit_bits = 32;
+               if(cval->flags & APC_CONSTRAINED)
+                       unit_bits = cval->range_bits;
+               bpc = OS__BPC_U32;
+               size_in_units = st->size >> 2;
+               if(st->size & 3) {
+                       ASN_DEBUG("%s string size is not modulo 4", td->name);
+                       ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+               }
+               break;
+       }
+
+       ASN_DEBUG("Encoding %s into %" ASN_PRI_SIZE " units of %d bits"
+               " (%ld..%ld, effective %d)%s",
+               td->name, size_in_units, unit_bits,
+               csiz->lower_bound, csiz->upper_bound,
+               csiz->effective_bits, ct_extensible ? " EXT" : "");
+
+       /* Figure out whether size lies within PER visible constraint */
+
+    if(csiz->effective_bits >= 0) {
+        if((ssize_t)size_in_units < csiz->lower_bound
+           || (ssize_t)size_in_units > csiz->upper_bound) {
+            if(ct_extensible) {
+                csiz = &asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_constraints.size;
+                unit_bits = canonical_unit_bits;
+                inext = 1;
+            } else {
+                ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        inext = 0;
+    }
+
+    if(ct_extensible) {
+               /* Declare whether length is [not] within extension root */
+               if(per_put_few_bits(po, inext, 1))
+                       ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+       }
+
+    if(csiz->effective_bits >= 0 && !inext) {
+        ASN_DEBUG("Encoding %" ASN_PRI_SIZE " bytes (%ld), length in %d bits", st->size,
+                  size_in_units - csiz->lower_bound, csiz->effective_bits);
+        ret = per_put_few_bits(po, size_in_units - csiz->lower_bound,
+                               csiz->effective_bits);
+        if(ret) ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+        ret = OCTET_STRING_per_put_characters(po, st->buf, size_in_units, bpc,
+                                              unit_bits, cval->lower_bound,
+                                              cval->upper_bound, pc);
+        if(ret) ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+        ASN__ENCODED_OK(er);
+    }
+
+    ASN_DEBUG("Encoding %" ASN_PRI_SIZE " bytes", st->size);
+
+    buf = st->buf;
+    ASN_DEBUG("Encoding %" ASN_PRI_SIZE " in units", size_in_units);
+    do {
+        int need_eom = 0;
+        ssize_t may_save = uper_put_length(po, size_in_units, &need_eom);
+        if(may_save < 0) ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+
+        ASN_DEBUG("Encoding %" ASN_PRI_SSIZE " of %" ASN_PRI_SIZE "%s", may_save, size_in_units,
+                  need_eom ? ",+EOM" : "");
+
+        ret = OCTET_STRING_per_put_characters(po, buf, may_save, bpc, unit_bits,
+                                              cval->lower_bound,
+                                              cval->upper_bound, pc);
+        if(ret) ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+
+        buf += may_save * bpc;
+        size_in_units -= may_save;
+        assert(!(may_save & 0x07) || !size_in_units);
+        if(need_eom && uper_put_length(po, 0, 0))
+            ASN__ENCODE_FAILED; /* End of Message length */
+    } while(size_in_units);
+
+    ASN__ENCODED_OK(er);
+}
+
+asn_dec_rval_t
+OCTET_STRING_decode_aper(const asn_codec_ctx_t *opt_codec_ctx,
+                         const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td,
+                         const asn_per_constraints_t *constraints,
+                         void **sptr, asn_per_data_t *pd) {
+
+       const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *specs = td->specifics
+               ? (const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *)td->specifics
+               : &asn_SPC_OCTET_STRING_specs;
+       const asn_per_constraints_t *pc = constraints ? constraints
+                               : td->encoding_constraints.per_constraints;
+       const asn_per_constraint_t *cval;
+       const asn_per_constraint_t *csiz;
+       asn_dec_rval_t rval = { RC_OK, 0 };
+       BIT_STRING_t *st = (BIT_STRING_t *)*sptr;
+       ssize_t consumed_myself = 0;
+       int repeat;
+       enum {
+               OS__BPC_BIT     = 0,
+               OS__BPC_CHAR    = 1,
+               OS__BPC_U16     = 2,
+               OS__BPC_U32     = 4
+       } bpc;  /* Bytes per character */
+       unsigned int unit_bits;
+       unsigned int canonical_unit_bits;
+
+       (void)opt_codec_ctx;
+
+       if(pc) {
+               cval = &pc->value;
+               csiz = &pc->size;
+       } else {
+               cval = &asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_constraints.value;
+               csiz = &asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_constraints.size;
+       }
+
+       switch(specs->subvariant) {
+       default:
+/*     case ASN_OSUBV_ANY:
+               ASN_DEBUG("Unrecognized subvariant %d", specs->subvariant);
+               RETURN(RC_FAIL);
+*/
+       case ASN_OSUBV_BIT:
+               canonical_unit_bits = unit_bits = 1;
+               bpc = OS__BPC_BIT;
+               break;
+       case ASN_OSUBV_ANY:
+       case ASN_OSUBV_STR:
+               canonical_unit_bits = unit_bits = 8;
+/*             if(cval->flags & APC_CONSTRAINED)
+                       unit_bits = cval->range_bits;
+*/
+               bpc = OS__BPC_CHAR;
+               break;
+       case ASN_OSUBV_U16:
+               canonical_unit_bits = unit_bits = 16;
+               if(cval->flags & APC_CONSTRAINED)
+                       unit_bits = cval->range_bits;
+               bpc = OS__BPC_U16;
+               break;
+       case ASN_OSUBV_U32:
+               canonical_unit_bits = unit_bits = 32;
+               if(cval->flags & APC_CONSTRAINED)
+                       unit_bits = cval->range_bits;
+               bpc = OS__BPC_U32;
+               break;
+       }
+
+       /*
+        * Allocate the string.
+        */
+       if(!st) {
+               st = (BIT_STRING_t *)(*sptr = CALLOC(1, specs->struct_size));
+               if(!st) RETURN(RC_FAIL);
+       }
+
+       ASN_DEBUG("PER Decoding %s size %ld .. %ld bits %d",
+               csiz->flags & APC_EXTENSIBLE ? "extensible" : "non-extensible",
+               csiz->lower_bound, csiz->upper_bound, csiz->effective_bits);
+
+       if(csiz->flags & APC_EXTENSIBLE) {
+               int inext = per_get_few_bits(pd, 1);
+               if(inext < 0) RETURN(RC_WMORE);
+               if(inext) {
+                       csiz = &asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_constraints.size;
+                       cval = &asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_constraints.value;
+                       unit_bits = canonical_unit_bits;
+               }
+       }
+
+       if(csiz->effective_bits >= 0) {
+               FREEMEM(st->buf);
+               if(bpc) {
+                       st->size = csiz->upper_bound * bpc;
+               } else {
+                       st->size = (csiz->upper_bound + 7) >> 3;
+               }
+               st->buf = (uint8_t *)MALLOC(st->size + 1);
+               if(!st->buf) { st->size = 0; RETURN(RC_FAIL); }
+       }
+
+       /* X.691, #16.5: zero-length encoding */
+       /* X.691, #16.6: short fixed length encoding (up to 2 octets) */
+       /* X.691, #16.7: long fixed length encoding (up to 64K octets) */
+       if(csiz->effective_bits == 0) {
+               int ret;
+               if (st->size > 2) { /* X.691 #16 NOTE 1 */
+                       if (aper_get_align(pd) < 0)
+                               RETURN(RC_FAIL);
+               }
+               if(bpc) {
+                       ASN_DEBUG("Decoding OCTET STRING size %ld",
+                               csiz->upper_bound);
+                       ret = OCTET_STRING_per_get_characters(pd, st->buf,
+                               csiz->upper_bound, bpc, unit_bits,
+                               cval->lower_bound, cval->upper_bound, pc);
+                       if(ret > 0) RETURN(RC_FAIL);
+               } else {
+                       ASN_DEBUG("Decoding BIT STRING size %ld",
+                               csiz->upper_bound);
+                       ret = per_get_many_bits(pd, st->buf, 0,
+                                           unit_bits * csiz->upper_bound);
+               }
+               if(ret < 0) RETURN(RC_WMORE);
+               consumed_myself += unit_bits * csiz->upper_bound;
+               st->buf[st->size] = 0;
+               if(bpc == 0) {
+                       int ubs = (csiz->upper_bound & 0x7);
+                       st->bits_unused = ubs ? 8 - ubs : 0;
+               }
+               RETURN(RC_OK);
+       }
+
+       st->size = 0;
+       do {
+               ssize_t raw_len;
+               ssize_t len_bytes;
+               ssize_t len_bits;
+               void *p;
+               int ret;
+
+               /* Get the PER length */
+               if (csiz->upper_bound - csiz->lower_bound == 0)
+                       /* Indefinite length case */
+                       raw_len = aper_get_length(pd, -1, csiz->effective_bits, &repeat);
+               else
+                       raw_len = aper_get_length(pd, csiz->upper_bound - csiz->lower_bound + 1, csiz->effective_bits, &repeat);
+               repeat = 0;
+               if(raw_len < 0) RETURN(RC_WMORE);
+               raw_len += csiz->lower_bound;
+
+               ASN_DEBUG("Got PER length eb %ld, len %ld, %s (%s)",
+                       (long)csiz->effective_bits, (long)raw_len,
+                       repeat ? "repeat" : "once", td->name);
+
+               if (raw_len > 2) { /* X.691 #16 NOTE 1 */
+                       if (aper_get_align(pd) < 0)
+                               RETURN(RC_FAIL);
+               }
+
+               if(bpc) {
+                       len_bytes = raw_len * bpc;
+                       len_bits = len_bytes * unit_bits;
+               } else {
+                       len_bits = raw_len;
+                       len_bytes = (len_bits + 7) >> 3;
+                       if(len_bits & 0x7)
+                               st->bits_unused = 8 - (len_bits & 0x7);
+                       /* len_bits be multiple of 16K if repeat is set */
+               }
+               p = REALLOC(st->buf, st->size + len_bytes + 1);
+               if(!p) RETURN(RC_FAIL);
+               st->buf = (uint8_t *)p;
+
+               if(bpc) {
+                       ret = OCTET_STRING_per_get_characters(pd,
+                               &st->buf[st->size], raw_len, bpc, unit_bits,
+                               cval->lower_bound, cval->upper_bound, pc);
+                       if(ret > 0) RETURN(RC_FAIL);
+               } else {
+                       ret = per_get_many_bits(pd, &st->buf[st->size],
+                               0, len_bits);
+               }
+               if(ret < 0) RETURN(RC_WMORE);
+               st->size += len_bytes;
+       } while(repeat);
+       st->buf[st->size] = 0;  /* nul-terminate */
+
+       return rval;
+}
+
+asn_enc_rval_t
+OCTET_STRING_encode_aper(const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td,
+                         const asn_per_constraints_t *constraints,
+                         const void *sptr, asn_per_outp_t *po) {
+
+       const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *specs = td->specifics
+               ? (const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *)td->specifics
+               : &asn_SPC_OCTET_STRING_specs;
+       const asn_per_constraints_t *pc = constraints ? constraints
+       : td->encoding_constraints.per_constraints;
+       const asn_per_constraint_t *cval;
+       const asn_per_constraint_t *csiz;
+       const BIT_STRING_t *st = (const BIT_STRING_t *)sptr;
+       asn_enc_rval_t er = { 0, 0, 0 };
+       int inext = 0;          /* Lies not within extension root */
+       unsigned int unit_bits;
+       unsigned int canonical_unit_bits;
+       unsigned int sizeinunits;
+       const uint8_t *buf;
+       int ret;
+       enum {
+               OS__BPC_BIT     = 0,
+               OS__BPC_CHAR    = 1,
+               OS__BPC_U16     = 2,
+               OS__BPC_U32     = 4
+       } bpc;  /* Bytes per character */
+       int ct_extensible;
+
+       if(!st || (!st->buf && st->size))
+               ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+
+       if(pc) {
+               cval = &pc->value;
+               csiz = &pc->size;
+       } else {
+               cval = &asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_constraints.value;
+               csiz = &asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_constraints.size;
+       }
+       ct_extensible = csiz->flags & APC_EXTENSIBLE;
+
+       switch(specs->subvariant) {
+               default:
+                       /*         case ASN_OSUBV_ANY:
+                                        ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+                       */
+               case ASN_OSUBV_BIT:
+                       canonical_unit_bits = unit_bits = 1;
+                       bpc = OS__BPC_BIT;
+                       sizeinunits = st->size * 8 - (st->bits_unused & 0x07);
+                       ASN_DEBUG("BIT STRING of %d bytes",
+                                                               sizeinunits);
+               break;
+        case ASN_OSUBV_ANY:
+       case ASN_OSUBV_STR:
+               canonical_unit_bits = unit_bits = 8;
+/*             if(cval->flags & APC_CONSTRAINED)
+                       unit_bits = 8;
+*/
+               bpc = OS__BPC_CHAR;
+               sizeinunits = st->size;
+               break;
+       case ASN_OSUBV_U16:
+               canonical_unit_bits = unit_bits = 16;
+               if(cval->flags & APC_CONSTRAINED)
+                       unit_bits = cval->range_bits;
+               bpc = OS__BPC_U16;
+               sizeinunits = st->size / 2;
+               break;
+       case ASN_OSUBV_U32:
+               canonical_unit_bits = unit_bits = 32;
+               if(cval->flags & APC_CONSTRAINED)
+                       unit_bits = cval->range_bits;
+               bpc = OS__BPC_U32;
+               sizeinunits = st->size / 4;
+               break;
+       }
+
+       ASN_DEBUG("Encoding %s into %d units of %d bits"
+               " (%ld..%ld, effective %d)%s",
+               td->name, sizeinunits, unit_bits,
+               csiz->lower_bound, csiz->upper_bound,
+               csiz->effective_bits, ct_extensible ? " EXT" : "");
+
+       /* Figure out wheter size lies within PER visible constraint */
+
+       if(csiz->effective_bits >= 0) {
+               if((int)sizeinunits < csiz->lower_bound
+               || (int)sizeinunits > csiz->upper_bound) {
+                       if(ct_extensible) {
+                               cval = &asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_constraints.value;
+                               csiz = &asn_DEF_OCTET_STRING_constraints.size;
+                               unit_bits = canonical_unit_bits;
+                               inext = 1;
+                       } else
+                               ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+               }
+       } else {
+               inext = 0;
+       }
+
+
+       if(ct_extensible) {
+               /* Declare whether length is [not] within extension root */
+               if(per_put_few_bits(po, inext, 1))
+                       ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+       }
+
+       /* X.691, #16.5: zero-length encoding */
+       /* X.691, #16.6: short fixed length encoding (up to 2 octets) */
+       /* X.691, #16.7: long fixed length encoding (up to 64K octets) */
+       if(csiz->effective_bits >= 0) {
+               ASN_DEBUG("Encoding %lu bytes (%ld), length in %d bits",
+                               st->size, sizeinunits - csiz->lower_bound,
+                               csiz->effective_bits);
+               if (csiz->effective_bits > 0) {
+                       ret = aper_put_length(po, csiz->upper_bound - csiz->lower_bound + 1, sizeinunits - csiz->lower_bound);
+                       if(ret) ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+               }
+               /* EB MOD
+                   AFAIU if lb != ub it is aligned whatever the number of bits */
+               if ((st->size > 2) || (csiz->lower_bound != csiz->upper_bound)) { /* X.691 #16.11 */
+                       if (aper_put_align(po) < 0)
+                               ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+               }
+               if(bpc) {
+                       ret = OCTET_STRING_per_put_characters(po, st->buf,
+                               sizeinunits, bpc, unit_bits,
+                               cval->lower_bound, cval->upper_bound, pc);
+               } else {
+                       ret = per_put_many_bits(po, st->buf,
+                               sizeinunits * unit_bits);
+               }
+               if(ret) ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+               ASN__ENCODED_OK(er);
+       }
+
+       ASN_DEBUG("Encoding %lu bytes", st->size);
+
+       if(sizeinunits == 0) {
+               if(aper_put_length(po, -1, 0))
+                       ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+               ASN__ENCODED_OK(er);
+       }
+
+       buf = st->buf;
+       while(sizeinunits) {
+               ssize_t maySave = aper_put_length(po, -1, sizeinunits);
+
+               if(maySave < 0) ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+
+               ASN_DEBUG("Encoding %ld of %ld",
+                       (long)maySave, (long)sizeinunits);
+
+               if(bpc) {
+                       ret = OCTET_STRING_per_put_characters(po, buf,
+                               maySave, bpc, unit_bits,
+                               cval->lower_bound, cval->upper_bound, pc);
+               } else {
+                       ret = per_put_many_bits(po, buf, maySave * unit_bits);
+               }
+               if(ret) ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+
+               if(bpc)
+                       buf += maySave * bpc;
+               else
+                       buf += maySave >> 3;
+               sizeinunits -= maySave;
+               assert(!(maySave & 0x07) || !sizeinunits);
+       }
+
+       ASN__ENCODED_OK(er);
+}
+
+#endif  /* ASN_DISABLE_PER_SUPPORT */
+
+int
+OCTET_STRING_print(const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, const void *sptr,
+                   int ilevel, asn_app_consume_bytes_f *cb, void *app_key) {
+    const char * const h2c = "0123456789ABCDEF";
+       const OCTET_STRING_t *st = (const OCTET_STRING_t *)sptr;
+       char scratch[16 * 3 + 4];
+       char *p = scratch;
+       uint8_t *buf;
+       uint8_t *end;
+       size_t i;
+
+       (void)td;       /* Unused argument */
+
+       if(!st || (!st->buf && st->size))
+               return (cb("<absent>", 8, app_key) < 0) ? -1 : 0;
+
+       /*
+        * Dump the contents of the buffer in hexadecimal.
+        */
+       buf = st->buf;
+       end = buf + st->size;
+       for(i = 0; buf < end; buf++, i++) {
+               if(!(i % 16) && (i || st->size > 16)) {
+                       if(cb(scratch, p - scratch, app_key) < 0)
+                               return -1;
+                       _i_INDENT(1);
+                       p = scratch;
+               }
+               *p++ = h2c[(*buf >> 4) & 0x0F];
+               *p++ = h2c[*buf & 0x0F];
+               *p++ = 0x20;
+       }
+
+       if(p > scratch) {
+               p--;    /* Remove the tail space */
+               if(cb(scratch, p - scratch, app_key) < 0)
+                       return -1;
+       }
+
+       return 0;
+}
+
+int
+OCTET_STRING_print_utf8(const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, const void *sptr,
+                        int ilevel, asn_app_consume_bytes_f *cb,
+                        void *app_key) {
+    const OCTET_STRING_t *st = (const OCTET_STRING_t *)sptr;
+
+       (void)td;       /* Unused argument */
+       (void)ilevel;   /* Unused argument */
+
+       if(st && (st->buf || !st->size)) {
+               return (cb(st->buf, st->size, app_key) < 0) ? -1 : 0;
+       } else {
+               return (cb("<absent>", 8, app_key) < 0) ? -1 : 0;
+       }
+}
+
+void
+OCTET_STRING_free(const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, void *sptr,
+                  enum asn_struct_free_method method) {
+       OCTET_STRING_t *st = (OCTET_STRING_t *)sptr;
+       const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *specs;
+       asn_struct_ctx_t *ctx;
+       struct _stack *stck;
+
+       if(!td || !st)
+               return;
+
+       specs = td->specifics
+                   ? (const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *)td->specifics
+                   : &asn_SPC_OCTET_STRING_specs;
+       ctx = (asn_struct_ctx_t *)((char *)st + specs->ctx_offset);
+
+       ASN_DEBUG("Freeing %s as OCTET STRING", td->name);
+
+       if(st->buf) {
+               FREEMEM(st->buf);
+               st->buf = 0;
+       }
+
+       /*
+        * Remove decode-time stack.
+        */
+       stck = (struct _stack *)ctx->ptr;
+       if(stck) {
+               while(stck->tail) {
+                       struct _stack_el *sel = stck->tail;
+                       stck->tail = sel->prev;
+                       FREEMEM(sel);
+               }
+               FREEMEM(stck);
+       }
+
+    switch(method) {
+    case ASFM_FREE_EVERYTHING:
+        FREEMEM(sptr);
+        break;
+    case ASFM_FREE_UNDERLYING:
+        break;
+    case ASFM_FREE_UNDERLYING_AND_RESET:
+        memset(sptr, 0,
+               td->specifics
+                   ? ((const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *)(td->specifics))
+                         ->struct_size
+                   : sizeof(OCTET_STRING_t));
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Conversion routines.
+ */
+int
+OCTET_STRING_fromBuf(OCTET_STRING_t *st, const char *str, int len) {
+       void *buf;
+
+       if(st == 0 || (str == 0 && len)) {
+               errno = EINVAL;
+               return -1;
+       }
+
+       /*
+        * Clear the OCTET STRING.
+        */
+       if(str == NULL) {
+               FREEMEM(st->buf);
+               st->buf = 0;
+               st->size = 0;
+               return 0;
+       }
+
+       /* Determine the original string size, if not explicitly given */
+       if(len < 0)
+               len = strlen(str);
+
+       /* Allocate and fill the memory */
+       buf = MALLOC(len + 1);
+       if(buf == NULL)
+               return -1;
+
+       memcpy(buf, str, len);
+       ((uint8_t *)buf)[len] = '\0';   /* Couldn't use memcpy(len+1)! */
+       FREEMEM(st->buf);
+       st->buf = (uint8_t *)buf;
+       st->size = len;
+
+       return 0;
+}
+
+OCTET_STRING_t *
+OCTET_STRING_new_fromBuf(const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, const char *str,
+                         int len) {
+    const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *specs =
+        td->specifics ? (const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *)td->specifics
+                      : &asn_SPC_OCTET_STRING_specs;
+    OCTET_STRING_t *st;
+
+       st = (OCTET_STRING_t *)CALLOC(1, specs->struct_size);
+       if(st && str && OCTET_STRING_fromBuf(st, str, len)) {
+               FREEMEM(st);
+               st = NULL;
+       }
+
+       return st;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Lexicographically compare the common prefix of both strings,
+ * and if it is the same return -1 for the smallest string.
+ */
+int
+OCTET_STRING_compare(const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, const void *aptr,
+                     const void *bptr) {
+    const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *specs = td->specifics;
+    const OCTET_STRING_t *a = aptr;
+    const OCTET_STRING_t *b = bptr;
+
+    assert(!specs || specs->subvariant != ASN_OSUBV_BIT);
+
+    if(a && b) {
+        size_t common_prefix_size = a->size <= b->size ? a->size : b->size;
+        int ret = memcmp(a->buf, b->buf, common_prefix_size);
+        if(ret == 0) {
+            /* Figure out which string with equal prefixes is longer. */
+            if(a->size < b->size) {
+                return -1;
+            } else if(a->size > b->size) {
+                return 1;
+            } else {
+                return 0;
+            }
+        } else {
+            return ret < 0 ? -1 : 1;
+        }
+    } else if(!a && !b) {
+        return 0;
+    } else if(!a) {
+        return -1;
+    } else {
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+}
+
+/*
+ * Biased function for randomizing character values around their limits.
+ */
+static uint32_t
+OCTET_STRING__random_char(unsigned long lb, unsigned long ub) {
+    assert(lb <= ub);
+    switch(asn_random_between(0, 16)) {
+    case 0:
+        if(lb < ub) return lb + 1;
+        /* Fall through */
+    case 1:
+        return lb;
+    case 2:
+        if(lb < ub) return ub - 1;
+        /* Fall through */
+    case 3:
+        return ub;
+    default:
+        return asn_random_between(lb, ub);
+    }
+}
+
+
+size_t
+OCTET_STRING_random_length_constrained(
+    const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td,
+    const asn_encoding_constraints_t *constraints, size_t max_length) {
+    const unsigned lengths[] = {0,     1,     2,     3,     4,     8,
+                                126,   127,   128,   16383, 16384, 16385,
+                                65534, 65535, 65536, 65537};
+    size_t rnd_len;
+
+    /* Figure out how far we should go */
+    rnd_len = lengths[asn_random_between(
+        0, sizeof(lengths) / sizeof(lengths[0]) - 1)];
+
+    if(!constraints || !constraints->per_constraints)
+        constraints = &td->encoding_constraints;
+    if(constraints->per_constraints) {
+        const asn_per_constraint_t *pc = &constraints->per_constraints->size;
+        if(pc->flags & APC_CONSTRAINED) {
+            long suggested_upper_bound = pc->upper_bound < (ssize_t)max_length
+                                             ? pc->upper_bound
+                                             : (ssize_t)max_length;
+            if(max_length <= (size_t)pc->lower_bound) {
+                return pc->lower_bound;
+            }
+            if(pc->flags & APC_EXTENSIBLE) {
+                switch(asn_random_between(0, 5)) {
+                case 0:
+                    if(pc->lower_bound > 0) {
+                        rnd_len = pc->lower_bound - 1;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    /* Fall through */
+                case 1:
+                    rnd_len = pc->upper_bound + 1;
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    /* Keep rnd_len from the table */
+                    if(rnd_len <= max_length) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    /* Fall through */
+                default:
+                    rnd_len = asn_random_between(pc->lower_bound,
+                                                 suggested_upper_bound);
+                }
+            } else {
+                rnd_len =
+                    asn_random_between(pc->lower_bound, suggested_upper_bound);
+            }
+        } else {
+            rnd_len = asn_random_between(0, max_length);
+        }
+    } else if(rnd_len > max_length) {
+        rnd_len = asn_random_between(0, max_length);
+    }
+
+    return rnd_len;
+}
+
+asn_random_fill_result_t
+OCTET_STRING_random_fill(const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, void **sptr,
+                         const asn_encoding_constraints_t *constraints,
+                         size_t max_length) {
+       const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *specs = td->specifics
+                               ? (const asn_OCTET_STRING_specifics_t *)td->specifics
+                               : &asn_SPC_OCTET_STRING_specs;
+    asn_random_fill_result_t result_ok = {ARFILL_OK, 1};
+    asn_random_fill_result_t result_failed = {ARFILL_FAILED, 0};
+    asn_random_fill_result_t result_skipped = {ARFILL_SKIPPED, 0};
+    unsigned int unit_bytes = 1;
+    unsigned long clb = 0;  /* Lower bound on char */
+    unsigned long cub = 255;  /* Higher bound on char value */
+    uint8_t *buf;
+    uint8_t *bend;
+    uint8_t *b;
+    size_t rnd_len;
+    OCTET_STRING_t *st;
+
+    if(max_length == 0 && !*sptr) return result_skipped;
+
+    switch(specs->subvariant) {
+    default:
+    case ASN_OSUBV_ANY:
+        return result_failed;
+    case ASN_OSUBV_BIT:
+        /* Handled by BIT_STRING itself. */
+        return result_failed;
+    case ASN_OSUBV_STR:
+        unit_bytes = 1;
+        clb = 0;
+        cub = 255;
+        break;
+    case ASN_OSUBV_U16:
+        unit_bytes = 2;
+        clb = 0;
+        cub = 65535;
+        break;
+    case ASN_OSUBV_U32:
+        unit_bytes = 4;
+        clb = 0;
+        cub = 0x10FFFF;
+        break;
+    }
+
+    if(!constraints || !constraints->per_constraints)
+        constraints = &td->encoding_constraints;
+    if(constraints->per_constraints) {
+        const asn_per_constraint_t *pc = &constraints->per_constraints->value;
+        if(pc->flags & APC_SEMI_CONSTRAINED) {
+            clb = pc->lower_bound;
+        } else if(pc->flags & APC_CONSTRAINED) {
+            clb = pc->lower_bound;
+            cub = pc->upper_bound;
+        }
+    }
+
+    rnd_len =
+        OCTET_STRING_random_length_constrained(td, constraints, max_length);
+
+    buf = CALLOC(unit_bytes, rnd_len + 1);
+    if(!buf) return result_failed;
+
+    bend = &buf[unit_bytes * rnd_len];
+
+    switch(unit_bytes) {
+    case 1:
+        for(b = buf; b < bend; b += unit_bytes) {
+            *(uint8_t *)b = OCTET_STRING__random_char(clb, cub);
+        }
+        *(uint8_t *)b = 0;
+        break;
+    case 2:
+        for(b = buf; b < bend; b += unit_bytes) {
+            uint32_t code = OCTET_STRING__random_char(clb, cub);
+            b[0] = code >> 8;
+            b[1] = code;
+        }
+        *(uint16_t *)b = 0;
+        break;
+    case 4:
+        for(b = buf; b < bend; b += unit_bytes) {
+            uint32_t code = OCTET_STRING__random_char(clb, cub);
+            b[0] = code >> 24;
+            b[1] = code >> 16;
+            b[2] = code >> 8;
+            b[3] = code;
+        }
+        *(uint32_t *)b = 0;
+        break;
+    }
+
+    if(*sptr) {
+        st = *sptr;
+        FREEMEM(st->buf);
+    } else {
+        st = (OCTET_STRING_t *)(*sptr = CALLOC(1, specs->struct_size));
+        if(!st) {
+            FREEMEM(buf);
+            return result_failed;
+        }
+    }
+
+    st->buf = buf;
+    st->size = unit_bytes * rnd_len;
+
+    result_ok.length = st->size;
+    return result_ok;
+}