Enhanced SIM for E2AP v1 for TS UC
[sim/e2-interface.git] / e2sim / e2apv1sim / ASN1c / INTEGER.c
diff --git a/e2sim/e2apv1sim/ASN1c/INTEGER.c b/e2sim/e2apv1sim/ASN1c/INTEGER.c
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..2a2f4d7
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,1735 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 2003-2014 Lev Walkin <vlm@lionet.info>.
+ * All rights reserved.
+ * Redistribution and modifications are permitted subject to BSD license.
+ */
+#include <asn_internal.h>
+#include <INTEGER.h>
+#include <asn_codecs_prim.h>   /* Encoder and decoder of a primitive type */
+#include <errno.h>
+
+/*
+ * INTEGER basic type description.
+ */
+static const ber_tlv_tag_t asn_DEF_INTEGER_tags[] = {
+       (ASN_TAG_CLASS_UNIVERSAL | (2 << 2))
+};
+asn_TYPE_operation_t asn_OP_INTEGER = {
+       INTEGER_free,
+       INTEGER_print,
+       INTEGER_compare,
+       ber_decode_primitive,
+       INTEGER_encode_der,
+       INTEGER_decode_xer,
+       INTEGER_encode_xer,
+#ifdef  ASN_DISABLE_OER_SUPPORT
+       0,
+       0,
+#else
+       INTEGER_decode_oer,     /* OER decoder */
+       INTEGER_encode_oer,     /* Canonical OER encoder */
+#endif  /* ASN_DISABLE_OER_SUPPORT */
+#ifdef ASN_DISABLE_PER_SUPPORT
+       0,
+       0,
+       0,
+       0,
+#else
+       INTEGER_decode_uper,    /* Unaligned PER decoder */
+       INTEGER_encode_uper,    /* Unaligned PER encoder */
+       INTEGER_decode_aper,    /* Aligned PER decoder */
+       INTEGER_encode_aper,    /* Aligned PER encoder */
+#endif /* ASN_DISABLE_PER_SUPPORT */
+       INTEGER_random_fill,
+       0       /* Use generic outmost tag fetcher */
+};
+asn_TYPE_descriptor_t asn_DEF_INTEGER = {
+       "INTEGER",
+       "INTEGER",
+       &asn_OP_INTEGER,
+       asn_DEF_INTEGER_tags,
+       sizeof(asn_DEF_INTEGER_tags) / sizeof(asn_DEF_INTEGER_tags[0]),
+       asn_DEF_INTEGER_tags,   /* Same as above */
+       sizeof(asn_DEF_INTEGER_tags) / sizeof(asn_DEF_INTEGER_tags[0]),
+       { 0, 0, asn_generic_no_constraint },
+       0, 0,   /* No members */
+       0       /* No specifics */
+};
+
+/*
+ * Encode INTEGER type using DER.
+ */
+asn_enc_rval_t
+INTEGER_encode_der(const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, const void *sptr,
+                   int tag_mode, ber_tlv_tag_t tag, asn_app_consume_bytes_f *cb,
+                   void *app_key) {
+    const INTEGER_t *st = (const INTEGER_t *)sptr;
+    asn_enc_rval_t rval;
+    INTEGER_t effective_integer;
+
+       ASN_DEBUG("%s %s as INTEGER (tm=%d)",
+               cb?"Encoding":"Estimating", td->name, tag_mode);
+
+       /*
+        * Canonicalize integer in the buffer.
+        * (Remove too long sign extension, remove some first 0x00 bytes)
+        */
+       if(st->buf) {
+               uint8_t *buf = st->buf;
+               uint8_t *end1 = buf + st->size - 1;
+               int shift;
+
+               /* Compute the number of superfluous leading bytes */
+               for(; buf < end1; buf++) {
+                       /*
+                        * If the contents octets of an integer value encoding
+                        * consist of more than one octet, then the bits of the
+                        * first octet and bit 8 of the second octet:
+                        * a) shall not all be ones; and
+                        * b) shall not all be zero.
+                        */
+                       switch(*buf) {
+                       case 0x00: if((buf[1] & 0x80) == 0)
+                                       continue;
+                               break;
+                       case 0xff: if((buf[1] & 0x80))
+                                       continue;
+                               break;
+                       }
+                       break;
+               }
+
+               /* Remove leading superfluous bytes from the integer */
+               shift = buf - st->buf;
+               if(shift) {
+            union {
+                const uint8_t *c_buf;
+                uint8_t *nc_buf;
+            } unconst;
+            unconst.c_buf = st->buf;
+            effective_integer.buf = unconst.nc_buf + shift;
+            effective_integer.size = st->size - shift;
+
+            st = &effective_integer;
+        }
+    }
+
+    rval = der_encode_primitive(td, st, tag_mode, tag, cb, app_key);
+    if(rval.structure_ptr == &effective_integer) {
+        rval.structure_ptr = sptr;
+    }
+    return rval;
+}
+
+static const asn_INTEGER_enum_map_t *INTEGER_map_enum2value(
+    const asn_INTEGER_specifics_t *specs, const char *lstart,
+    const char *lstop);
+
+/*
+ * INTEGER specific human-readable output.
+ */
+static ssize_t
+INTEGER__dump(const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, const INTEGER_t *st, asn_app_consume_bytes_f *cb, void *app_key, int plainOrXER) {
+    const asn_INTEGER_specifics_t *specs =
+        (const asn_INTEGER_specifics_t *)td->specifics;
+       char scratch[32];
+       uint8_t *buf = st->buf;
+       uint8_t *buf_end = st->buf + st->size;
+       intmax_t value;
+       ssize_t wrote = 0;
+       char *p;
+       int ret;
+
+       if(specs && specs->field_unsigned)
+               ret = asn_INTEGER2umax(st, (uintmax_t *)&value);
+       else
+               ret = asn_INTEGER2imax(st, &value);
+
+       /* Simple case: the integer size is small */
+       if(ret == 0) {
+               const asn_INTEGER_enum_map_t *el;
+               el = (value >= 0 || !specs || !specs->field_unsigned)
+                       ? INTEGER_map_value2enum(specs, value) : 0;
+               if(el) {
+                       if(plainOrXER == 0)
+                               return asn__format_to_callback(cb, app_key,
+                                       "%" ASN_PRIdMAX " (%s)", value, el->enum_name);
+                       else
+                               return asn__format_to_callback(cb, app_key,
+                                       "<%s/>", el->enum_name);
+               } else if(plainOrXER && specs && specs->strict_enumeration) {
+                       ASN_DEBUG("ASN.1 forbids dealing with "
+                               "unknown value of ENUMERATED type");
+                       errno = EPERM;
+                       return -1;
+               } else {
+            return asn__format_to_callback(cb, app_key,
+                                           (specs && specs->field_unsigned)
+                                               ? "%" ASN_PRIuMAX
+                                               : "%" ASN_PRIdMAX,
+                                           value);
+        }
+       } else if(plainOrXER && specs && specs->strict_enumeration) {
+               /*
+                * Here and earlier, we cannot encode the ENUMERATED values
+                * if there is no corresponding identifier.
+                */
+               ASN_DEBUG("ASN.1 forbids dealing with "
+                       "unknown value of ENUMERATED type");
+               errno = EPERM;
+               return -1;
+       }
+
+       /* Output in the long xx:yy:zz... format */
+       /* TODO: replace with generic algorithm (Knuth TAOCP Vol 2, 4.3.1) */
+       for(p = scratch; buf < buf_end; buf++) {
+               const char * const h2c = "0123456789ABCDEF";
+               if((p - scratch) >= (ssize_t)(sizeof(scratch) - 4)) {
+                       /* Flush buffer */
+                       if(cb(scratch, p - scratch, app_key) < 0)
+                               return -1;
+                       wrote += p - scratch;
+                       p = scratch;
+               }
+               *p++ = h2c[*buf >> 4];
+               *p++ = h2c[*buf & 0x0F];
+               *p++ = 0x3a;    /* ":" */
+       }
+       if(p != scratch)
+               p--;    /* Remove the last ":" */
+
+       wrote += p - scratch;
+       return (cb(scratch, p - scratch, app_key) < 0) ? -1 : wrote;
+}
+
+/*
+ * INTEGER specific human-readable output.
+ */
+int
+INTEGER_print(const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, const void *sptr, int ilevel,
+              asn_app_consume_bytes_f *cb, void *app_key) {
+    const INTEGER_t *st = (const INTEGER_t *)sptr;
+       ssize_t ret;
+
+       (void)ilevel;
+
+       if(!st || !st->buf)
+               ret = cb("<absent>", 8, app_key);
+       else
+               ret = INTEGER__dump(td, st, cb, app_key, 0);
+
+       return (ret < 0) ? -1 : 0;
+}
+
+struct e2v_key {
+       const char *start;
+       const char *stop;
+       const asn_INTEGER_enum_map_t *vemap;
+       const unsigned int *evmap;
+};
+static int
+INTEGER__compar_enum2value(const void *kp, const void *am) {
+       const struct e2v_key *key = (const struct e2v_key *)kp;
+       const asn_INTEGER_enum_map_t *el = (const asn_INTEGER_enum_map_t *)am;
+       const char *ptr, *end, *name;
+
+       /* Remap the element (sort by different criterion) */
+       el = key->vemap + key->evmap[el - key->vemap];
+
+       /* Compare strings */
+       for(ptr = key->start, end = key->stop, name = el->enum_name;
+                       ptr < end; ptr++, name++) {
+               if(*ptr != *name || !*name)
+                       return *(const unsigned char *)ptr
+                               - *(const unsigned char *)name;
+       }
+       return name[0] ? -1 : 0;
+}
+
+static const asn_INTEGER_enum_map_t *
+INTEGER_map_enum2value(const asn_INTEGER_specifics_t *specs, const char *lstart,
+                       const char *lstop) {
+    const asn_INTEGER_enum_map_t *el_found;
+       int count = specs ? specs->map_count : 0;
+       struct e2v_key key;
+       const char *lp;
+
+       if(!count) return NULL;
+
+       /* Guaranteed: assert(lstart < lstop); */
+       /* Figure out the tag name */
+       for(lstart++, lp = lstart; lp < lstop; lp++) {
+               switch(*lp) {
+               case 9: case 10: case 11: case 12: case 13: case 32: /* WSP */
+               case 0x2f: /* '/' */ case 0x3e: /* '>' */
+                       break;
+               default:
+                       continue;
+               }
+               break;
+       }
+       if(lp == lstop) return NULL;    /* No tag found */
+       lstop = lp;
+
+       key.start = lstart;
+       key.stop = lstop;
+       key.vemap = specs->value2enum;
+       key.evmap = specs->enum2value;
+       el_found = (asn_INTEGER_enum_map_t *)bsearch(&key,
+               specs->value2enum, count, sizeof(specs->value2enum[0]),
+               INTEGER__compar_enum2value);
+       if(el_found) {
+               /* Remap enum2value into value2enum */
+               el_found = key.vemap + key.evmap[el_found - key.vemap];
+       }
+       return el_found;
+}
+
+static int
+INTEGER__compar_value2enum(const void *kp, const void *am) {
+       long a = *(const long *)kp;
+       const asn_INTEGER_enum_map_t *el = (const asn_INTEGER_enum_map_t *)am;
+       long b = el->nat_value;
+       if(a < b) return -1;
+       else if(a == b) return 0;
+       else return 1;
+}
+
+const asn_INTEGER_enum_map_t *
+INTEGER_map_value2enum(const asn_INTEGER_specifics_t *specs, long value) {
+       int count = specs ? specs->map_count : 0;
+       if(!count) return 0;
+       return (asn_INTEGER_enum_map_t *)bsearch(&value, specs->value2enum,
+               count, sizeof(specs->value2enum[0]),
+               INTEGER__compar_value2enum);
+}
+
+static int
+INTEGER_st_prealloc(INTEGER_t *st, int min_size) {
+       void *p = MALLOC(min_size + 1);
+       if(p) {
+               void *b = st->buf;
+               st->size = 0;
+               st->buf = p;
+               FREEMEM(b);
+               return 0;
+       } else {
+               return -1;
+       }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Decode the chunk of XML text encoding INTEGER.
+ */
+static enum xer_pbd_rval
+INTEGER__xer_body_decode(const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, void *sptr,
+                         const void *chunk_buf, size_t chunk_size) {
+    const asn_INTEGER_specifics_t *specs =
+        (const asn_INTEGER_specifics_t *)td->specifics;
+    INTEGER_t *st = (INTEGER_t *)sptr;
+       intmax_t dec_value;
+       intmax_t hex_value = 0;
+       const char *lp;
+       const char *lstart = (const char *)chunk_buf;
+       const char *lstop = lstart + chunk_size;
+       enum {
+               ST_LEADSPACE,
+               ST_SKIPSPHEX,
+               ST_WAITDIGITS,
+               ST_DIGITS,
+               ST_DIGITS_TRAILSPACE,
+               ST_HEXDIGIT1,
+               ST_HEXDIGIT2,
+               ST_HEXDIGITS_TRAILSPACE,
+               ST_HEXCOLON,
+               ST_END_ENUM,
+               ST_UNEXPECTED
+       } state = ST_LEADSPACE;
+       const char *dec_value_start = 0; /* INVARIANT: always !0 in ST_DIGITS */
+       const char *dec_value_end = 0;
+
+       if(chunk_size)
+               ASN_DEBUG("INTEGER body %ld 0x%2x..0x%2x",
+                       (long)chunk_size, *lstart, lstop[-1]);
+
+       if(INTEGER_st_prealloc(st, (chunk_size/3) + 1))
+               return XPBD_SYSTEM_FAILURE;
+
+       /*
+        * We may have received a tag here. It will be processed inline.
+        * Use strtoul()-like code and serialize the result.
+        */
+       for(lp = lstart; lp < lstop; lp++) {
+               int lv = *lp;
+               switch(lv) {
+               case 0x09: case 0x0a: case 0x0d: case 0x20:
+                       switch(state) {
+                       case ST_LEADSPACE:
+                       case ST_DIGITS_TRAILSPACE:
+                       case ST_HEXDIGITS_TRAILSPACE:
+                       case ST_SKIPSPHEX:
+                               continue;
+                       case ST_DIGITS:
+                               dec_value_end = lp;
+                               state = ST_DIGITS_TRAILSPACE;
+                               continue;
+                       case ST_HEXCOLON:
+                               state = ST_HEXDIGITS_TRAILSPACE;
+                               continue;
+                       default:
+                               break;
+                       }
+                       break;
+               case 0x2d:      /* '-' */
+                       if(state == ST_LEADSPACE) {
+                               dec_value = 0;
+                               dec_value_start = lp;
+                               state = ST_WAITDIGITS;
+                               continue;
+                       }
+                       break;
+               case 0x2b:      /* '+' */
+                       if(state == ST_LEADSPACE) {
+                               dec_value = 0;
+                               dec_value_start = lp;
+                               state = ST_WAITDIGITS;
+                               continue;
+                       }
+                       break;
+               case 0x30: case 0x31: case 0x32: case 0x33: case 0x34:
+               case 0x35: case 0x36: case 0x37: case 0x38: case 0x39:
+                       switch(state) {
+                       case ST_DIGITS: continue;
+                       case ST_SKIPSPHEX:      /* Fall through */
+                       case ST_HEXDIGIT1:
+                               hex_value = (lv - 0x30) << 4;
+                               state = ST_HEXDIGIT2;
+                               continue;
+                       case ST_HEXDIGIT2:
+                               hex_value += (lv - 0x30);
+                               state = ST_HEXCOLON;
+                               st->buf[st->size++] = (uint8_t)hex_value;
+                               continue;
+                       case ST_HEXCOLON:
+                               return XPBD_BROKEN_ENCODING;
+                       case ST_LEADSPACE:
+                               dec_value = 0;
+                               dec_value_start = lp;
+                               /* FALL THROUGH */
+                       case ST_WAITDIGITS:
+                               state = ST_DIGITS;
+                               continue;
+                       default:
+                               break;
+                       }
+                       break;
+               case 0x3c:      /* '<', start of XML encoded enumeration */
+                       if(state == ST_LEADSPACE) {
+                               const asn_INTEGER_enum_map_t *el;
+                               el = INTEGER_map_enum2value(
+                                       (const asn_INTEGER_specifics_t *)
+                                       td->specifics, lstart, lstop);
+                               if(el) {
+                                       ASN_DEBUG("Found \"%s\" => %ld",
+                                               el->enum_name, el->nat_value);
+                                       dec_value = el->nat_value;
+                                       state = ST_END_ENUM;
+                                       lp = lstop - 1;
+                                       continue;
+                               }
+                               ASN_DEBUG("Unknown identifier for INTEGER");
+                       }
+                       return XPBD_BROKEN_ENCODING;
+               case 0x3a:      /* ':' */
+                       if(state == ST_HEXCOLON) {
+                               /* This colon is expected */
+                               state = ST_HEXDIGIT1;
+                               continue;
+                       } else if(state == ST_DIGITS) {
+                               /* The colon here means that we have
+                                * decoded the first two hexadecimal
+                                * places as a decimal value.
+                                * Switch decoding mode. */
+                               ASN_DEBUG("INTEGER re-evaluate as hex form");
+                               state = ST_SKIPSPHEX;
+                               dec_value_start = 0;
+                               lp = lstart - 1;
+                               continue;
+                       } else {
+                               ASN_DEBUG("state %d at %ld", state, (long)(lp - lstart));
+                               break;
+                       }
+               /* [A-Fa-f] */
+               case 0x41:case 0x42:case 0x43:case 0x44:case 0x45:case 0x46:
+               case 0x61:case 0x62:case 0x63:case 0x64:case 0x65:case 0x66:
+                       switch(state) {
+                       case ST_SKIPSPHEX:
+                       case ST_LEADSPACE: /* Fall through */
+                       case ST_HEXDIGIT1:
+                               hex_value = lv - ((lv < 0x61) ? 0x41 : 0x61);
+                               hex_value += 10;
+                               hex_value <<= 4;
+                               state = ST_HEXDIGIT2;
+                               continue;
+                       case ST_HEXDIGIT2:
+                               hex_value += lv - ((lv < 0x61) ? 0x41 : 0x61);
+                               hex_value += 10;
+                               st->buf[st->size++] = (uint8_t)hex_value;
+                               state = ST_HEXCOLON;
+                               continue;
+                       case ST_DIGITS:
+                               ASN_DEBUG("INTEGER re-evaluate as hex form");
+                               state = ST_SKIPSPHEX;
+                               dec_value_start = 0;
+                               lp = lstart - 1;
+                               continue;
+                       default:
+                               break;
+                       }
+                       break;
+               }
+
+               /* Found extra non-numeric stuff */
+               ASN_DEBUG("INTEGER :: Found non-numeric 0x%2x at %ld",
+                       lv, (long)(lp - lstart));
+               state = ST_UNEXPECTED;
+               break;
+       }
+
+       switch(state) {
+       case ST_END_ENUM:
+               /* Got a complete and valid enumeration encoded as a tag. */
+               break;
+       case ST_DIGITS:
+               dec_value_end = lstop;
+               /* FALL THROUGH */
+       case ST_DIGITS_TRAILSPACE:
+               /* The last symbol encountered was a digit. */
+        switch(asn_strtoimax_lim(dec_value_start, &dec_value_end, &dec_value)) {
+        case ASN_STRTOX_OK:
+            if(specs && specs->field_unsigned && (uintmax_t) dec_value <= ULONG_MAX) {
+                break;
+            } else if(dec_value >= LONG_MIN && dec_value <= LONG_MAX) {
+                break;
+            } else {
+                /*
+                 * We model INTEGER on long for XER,
+                 * to avoid rewriting all the tests at once.
+                 */
+                ASN_DEBUG("INTEGER exceeds long range");
+            }
+            /* Fall through */
+        case ASN_STRTOX_ERROR_RANGE:
+            ASN_DEBUG("INTEGER decode %s hit range limit", td->name);
+            return XPBD_DECODER_LIMIT;
+               case ASN_STRTOX_ERROR_INVAL:
+               case ASN_STRTOX_EXPECT_MORE:
+               case ASN_STRTOX_EXTRA_DATA:
+                       return XPBD_BROKEN_ENCODING;
+               }
+               break;
+       case ST_HEXCOLON:
+       case ST_HEXDIGITS_TRAILSPACE:
+               st->buf[st->size] = 0;  /* Just in case termination */
+               return XPBD_BODY_CONSUMED;
+       case ST_HEXDIGIT1:
+       case ST_HEXDIGIT2:
+       case ST_SKIPSPHEX:
+               return XPBD_BROKEN_ENCODING;
+       case ST_LEADSPACE:
+               /* Content not found */
+               return XPBD_NOT_BODY_IGNORE;
+       case ST_WAITDIGITS:
+       case ST_UNEXPECTED:
+               ASN_DEBUG("INTEGER: No useful digits (state %d)", state);
+               return XPBD_BROKEN_ENCODING;    /* No digits */
+       }
+
+       /*
+        * Convert the result of parsing of enumeration or a straight
+        * decimal value into a BER representation.
+        */
+       if(asn_imax2INTEGER(st, dec_value)) {
+                ASN_DEBUG("INTEGER decode %s conversion failed", td->name);
+               return XPBD_SYSTEM_FAILURE;
+        }
+
+       return XPBD_BODY_CONSUMED;
+}
+
+asn_dec_rval_t
+INTEGER_decode_xer(const asn_codec_ctx_t *opt_codec_ctx,
+                   const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, void **sptr,
+                   const char *opt_mname, const void *buf_ptr, size_t size) {
+    return xer_decode_primitive(opt_codec_ctx, td,
+               sptr, sizeof(INTEGER_t), opt_mname,
+               buf_ptr, size, INTEGER__xer_body_decode);
+}
+
+asn_enc_rval_t
+INTEGER_encode_xer(const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, const void *sptr,
+                   int ilevel, enum xer_encoder_flags_e flags,
+                   asn_app_consume_bytes_f *cb, void *app_key) {
+    const INTEGER_t *st = (const INTEGER_t *)sptr;
+       asn_enc_rval_t er = {0,0,0};
+
+       (void)ilevel;
+       (void)flags;
+       
+       if(!st || !st->buf)
+               ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+
+       er.encoded = INTEGER__dump(td, st, cb, app_key, 1);
+       if(er.encoded < 0) ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+
+       ASN__ENCODED_OK(er);
+}
+
+#ifndef        ASN_DISABLE_PER_SUPPORT
+
+asn_dec_rval_t
+INTEGER_decode_uper(const asn_codec_ctx_t *opt_codec_ctx,
+                    const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td,
+                    const asn_per_constraints_t *constraints, void **sptr,
+                    asn_per_data_t *pd) {
+    const asn_INTEGER_specifics_t *specs =
+        (const asn_INTEGER_specifics_t *)td->specifics;
+    asn_dec_rval_t rval = { RC_OK, 0 };
+       INTEGER_t *st = (INTEGER_t *)*sptr;
+       const asn_per_constraint_t *ct;
+       int repeat;
+
+       (void)opt_codec_ctx;
+
+       if(!st) {
+               st = (INTEGER_t *)(*sptr = CALLOC(1, sizeof(*st)));
+               if(!st) ASN__DECODE_FAILED;
+       }
+
+       if(!constraints) constraints = td->encoding_constraints.per_constraints;
+       ct = constraints ? &constraints->value : 0;
+
+       if(ct && ct->flags & APC_EXTENSIBLE) {
+               int inext = per_get_few_bits(pd, 1);
+               if(inext < 0) ASN__DECODE_STARVED;
+               if(inext) ct = 0;
+       }
+
+       FREEMEM(st->buf);
+       st->buf = 0;
+       st->size = 0;
+       if(ct) {
+               if(ct->flags & APC_SEMI_CONSTRAINED) {
+                       st->buf = (uint8_t *)CALLOC(1, 2);
+                       if(!st->buf) ASN__DECODE_FAILED;
+                       st->size = 1;
+               } else if(ct->flags & APC_CONSTRAINED && ct->range_bits >= 0) {
+                       size_t size = (ct->range_bits + 7) >> 3;
+                       st->buf = (uint8_t *)MALLOC(1 + size + 1);
+                       if(!st->buf) ASN__DECODE_FAILED;
+                       st->size = size;
+               }
+       }
+
+       /* X.691-2008/11, #13.2.2, constrained whole number */
+       if(ct && ct->flags != APC_UNCONSTRAINED) {
+               /* #11.5.6 */
+               ASN_DEBUG("Integer with range %d bits", ct->range_bits);
+               if(ct->range_bits >= 0) {
+                       if((size_t)ct->range_bits > 8 * sizeof(unsigned long))
+                               ASN__DECODE_FAILED;
+
+                       if(specs && specs->field_unsigned) {
+                               unsigned long uvalue = 0;
+                               if(uper_get_constrained_whole_number(pd,
+                                       &uvalue, ct->range_bits))
+                                       ASN__DECODE_STARVED;
+                               ASN_DEBUG("Got value %lu + low %ld",
+                                       uvalue, ct->lower_bound);
+                               uvalue += ct->lower_bound;
+                               if(asn_ulong2INTEGER(st, uvalue))
+                                       ASN__DECODE_FAILED;
+                       } else {
+                               unsigned long uvalue = 0;
+                               long svalue;
+                               if(uper_get_constrained_whole_number(pd,
+                                       &uvalue, ct->range_bits))
+                                       ASN__DECODE_STARVED;
+                               ASN_DEBUG("Got value %lu + low %ld",
+                                       uvalue, ct->lower_bound);
+                if(per_long_range_unrebase(uvalue, ct->lower_bound,
+                                           ct->upper_bound, &svalue)
+                   || asn_long2INTEGER(st, svalue)) {
+                    ASN__DECODE_FAILED;
+                }
+                       }
+                       return rval;
+               }
+       } else {
+               ASN_DEBUG("Decoding unconstrained integer %s", td->name);
+       }
+
+       /* X.691, #12.2.3, #12.2.4 */
+       do {
+               ssize_t len = 0;
+               void *p = NULL;
+               int ret = 0;
+
+               /* Get the PER length */
+               len = uper_get_length(pd, -1, 0, &repeat);
+               if(len < 0) ASN__DECODE_STARVED;
+
+               p = REALLOC(st->buf, st->size + len + 1);
+               if(!p) ASN__DECODE_FAILED;
+               st->buf = (uint8_t *)p;
+
+               ret = per_get_many_bits(pd, &st->buf[st->size], 0, 8 * len);
+               if(ret < 0) ASN__DECODE_STARVED;
+               st->size += len;
+       } while(repeat);
+       st->buf[st->size] = 0;  /* JIC */
+
+       /* #12.2.3 */
+       if(ct && ct->lower_bound) {
+               /*
+                * TODO: replace by in-place arithmetics.
+                */
+               long value = 0;
+               if(asn_INTEGER2long(st, &value))
+                       ASN__DECODE_FAILED;
+               if(asn_imax2INTEGER(st, value + ct->lower_bound))
+                       ASN__DECODE_FAILED;
+       }
+
+       return rval;
+}
+
+asn_enc_rval_t
+INTEGER_encode_uper(const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td,
+                    const asn_per_constraints_t *constraints, const void *sptr,
+                    asn_per_outp_t *po) {
+       const asn_INTEGER_specifics_t *specs =
+               (const asn_INTEGER_specifics_t *)td->specifics;
+       asn_enc_rval_t er = {0,0,0};
+       const INTEGER_t *st = (const INTEGER_t *)sptr;
+       const uint8_t *buf;
+       const uint8_t *end;
+       const asn_per_constraint_t *ct;
+       long value = 0;
+
+       if(!st || st->size == 0) ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+
+       if(!constraints) constraints = td->encoding_constraints.per_constraints;
+       ct = constraints ? &constraints->value : 0;
+
+       er.encoded = 0;
+
+       if(ct) {
+               int inext = 0;
+               if(specs && specs->field_unsigned) {
+                       unsigned long uval;
+                       if(asn_INTEGER2ulong(st, &uval))
+                               ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+                       /* Check proper range */
+                       if(ct->flags & APC_SEMI_CONSTRAINED) {
+                               if(uval < (unsigned long)ct->lower_bound)
+                                       inext = 1;
+                       } else if(ct->range_bits >= 0) {
+                               if(uval < (unsigned long)ct->lower_bound
+                               || uval > (unsigned long)ct->upper_bound)
+                                       inext = 1;
+                       }
+                       ASN_DEBUG("Value %lu (%02x/%" ASN_PRI_SIZE ") lb %lu ub %lu %s",
+                               uval, st->buf[0], st->size,
+                               ct->lower_bound, ct->upper_bound,
+                               inext ? "ext" : "fix");
+                       value = uval;
+               } else {
+                       if(asn_INTEGER2long(st, &value))
+                               ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+                       /* Check proper range */
+                       if(ct->flags & APC_SEMI_CONSTRAINED) {
+                               if(value < ct->lower_bound)
+                                       inext = 1;
+                       } else if(ct->range_bits >= 0) {
+                               if(value < ct->lower_bound
+                               || value > ct->upper_bound)
+                                       inext = 1;
+                       }
+                       ASN_DEBUG("Value %ld (%02x/%" ASN_PRI_SIZE ") lb %ld ub %ld %s",
+                               value, st->buf[0], st->size,
+                               ct->lower_bound, ct->upper_bound,
+                               inext ? "ext" : "fix");
+               }
+               if(ct->flags & APC_EXTENSIBLE) {
+                       if(per_put_few_bits(po, inext, 1))
+                               ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+                       if(inext) ct = 0;
+               } else if(inext) {
+                       ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+               }
+       }
+
+
+       /* X.691-11/2008, #13.2.2, test if constrained whole number */
+       if(ct && ct->range_bits >= 0) {
+        unsigned long v;
+               /* #11.5.6 -> #11.3 */
+               ASN_DEBUG("Encoding integer %ld (%lu) with range %d bits",
+                       value, value - ct->lower_bound, ct->range_bits);
+       if(specs && specs->field_unsigned) {
+               if (  ((unsigned long)ct->lower_bound > (unsigned long)(ct->upper_bound)
+                  || ((unsigned long)value < (unsigned long)ct->lower_bound))
+                  || ((unsigned long)value > (unsigned long)ct->upper_bound)
+               ) {
+                       ASN_DEBUG("Value %lu to-be-encoded is outside the bounds [%lu, %lu]!",
+                               value, ct->lower_bound, ct->upper_bound);
+                       ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+               }
+               v = (unsigned long)value - (unsigned long)ct->lower_bound;
+       } else {
+               if(per_long_range_rebase(value, ct->lower_bound, ct->upper_bound, &v)) {
+                       ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+               }
+       }
+        if(uper_put_constrained_whole_number_u(po, v, ct->range_bits))
+               ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+       ASN__ENCODED_OK(er);
+       }
+
+       if(ct && ct->lower_bound) {
+               ASN_DEBUG("Adjust lower bound to %ld", ct->lower_bound);
+               /* TODO: adjust lower bound */
+               ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+       }
+
+       for(buf = st->buf, end = st->buf + st->size; buf < end;) {
+        int need_eom = 0;
+        ssize_t mayEncode = uper_put_length(po, end - buf, &need_eom);
+        if(mayEncode < 0)
+                       ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+               if(per_put_many_bits(po, buf, 8 * mayEncode))
+                       ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+               buf += mayEncode;
+        if(need_eom && uper_put_length(po, 0, 0)) ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+    }
+
+       ASN__ENCODED_OK(er);
+}
+
+asn_dec_rval_t
+INTEGER_decode_aper(const asn_codec_ctx_t *opt_codec_ctx,
+                    const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td,
+                    const asn_per_constraints_t *constraints, void **sptr, asn_per_data_t *pd) {
+       const asn_INTEGER_specifics_t *specs = (const asn_INTEGER_specifics_t *)td->specifics;
+       asn_dec_rval_t rval = { RC_OK, 0 };
+       INTEGER_t *st = (INTEGER_t *)*sptr;
+       const asn_per_constraint_t *ct;
+       int repeat;
+
+       (void)opt_codec_ctx;
+
+       if(!st) {
+               st = (INTEGER_t *)(*sptr = CALLOC(1, sizeof(*st)));
+               if(!st) ASN__DECODE_FAILED;
+       }
+
+       if(!constraints) constraints = td->encoding_constraints.per_constraints;
+       ct = constraints ? &constraints->value : 0;
+
+       if(ct && ct->flags & APC_EXTENSIBLE) {
+               int inext = per_get_few_bits(pd, 1);
+               if(inext < 0) ASN__DECODE_STARVED;
+               if(inext) ct = 0;
+       }
+
+       FREEMEM(st->buf);
+       st->buf = 0;
+       st->size = 0;
+       if(ct) {
+               if(ct->flags & APC_SEMI_CONSTRAINED) {
+                       st->buf = (uint8_t *)CALLOC(1, 2);
+                       if(!st->buf) ASN__DECODE_FAILED;
+                       st->size = 1;
+               } else if(ct->flags & APC_CONSTRAINED && ct->range_bits >= 0) {
+                       size_t size = (ct->range_bits + 7) >> 3;
+                       st->buf = (uint8_t *)MALLOC(1 + size + 1);
+                       if(!st->buf) ASN__DECODE_FAILED;
+                       st->size = size;
+               }
+       }
+
+       /* X.691, #12.2.2 */
+       if(ct && ct->flags != APC_UNCONSTRAINED) {
+               /* #10.5.6 */
+               ASN_DEBUG("Integer with range %d bits", ct->range_bits);
+               if(ct->range_bits >= 0) {
+                       if (ct->range_bits > 16) {
+                               int max_range_bytes = (ct->range_bits >> 3) +
+                                                     (((ct->range_bits % 8) > 0) ? 1 : 0);
+                               int length = 0, i;
+                               long value = 0;
+
+                               for (i = 1; ; i++) {
+                                       int upper = 1 << i;
+                                       if (upper >= max_range_bytes)
+                                               break;
+                               }
+                               ASN_DEBUG("Can encode %d (%d bytes) in %d bits", ct->range_bits,
+                                         max_range_bytes, i);
+
+                               if ((length = per_get_few_bits(pd, i)) < 0)
+                                       ASN__DECODE_FAILED;
+
+                               /* X.691 #12.2.6 length determinant + lb (1) */
+                               length += 1;
+                               ASN_DEBUG("Got length %d", length);
+                               if (aper_get_align(pd) != 0)
+                                       ASN__DECODE_FAILED;
+                               while (length--) {
+                                       int buf = per_get_few_bits(pd, 8);
+                                       if (buf < 0)
+                                               ASN__DECODE_FAILED;
+                                       value += (((long)buf) << (8 * length));
+                               }
+
+                               value += ct->lower_bound;
+                               if((specs && specs->field_unsigned)
+                                       ? asn_uint642INTEGER(st, (unsigned long)value)
+                                       : asn_int642INTEGER(st, value))
+                                       ASN__DECODE_FAILED;
+                               ASN_DEBUG("Got value %ld + low %ld",
+                                         value, ct->lower_bound);
+                       } else {
+                               long value = 0;
+                               if (ct->range_bits < 8) {
+                                       value = per_get_few_bits(pd, ct->range_bits);
+                                       if(value < 0) ASN__DECODE_STARVED;
+                               } else if (ct->range_bits == 8) {
+                                       if (aper_get_align(pd) < 0)
+                                               ASN__DECODE_FAILED;
+                                       value = per_get_few_bits(pd, ct->range_bits);
+                                       if(value < 0) ASN__DECODE_STARVED;
+                               } else {
+                                       /* Align */
+                                       if (aper_get_align(pd) < 0)
+                                               ASN__DECODE_FAILED;
+                                       value = per_get_few_bits(pd, 16);
+                                       if(value < 0) ASN__DECODE_STARVED;
+                               }
+                               value += ct->lower_bound;
+                               if((specs && specs->field_unsigned)
+                                       ? asn_ulong2INTEGER(st, value)
+                                       : asn_long2INTEGER(st, value))
+                                       ASN__DECODE_FAILED;
+                               ASN_DEBUG("Got value %ld + low %ld",
+                                         value, ct->lower_bound);
+                       }
+                       return rval;
+               } else {
+                       ASN__DECODE_FAILED;
+               }
+       } else {
+               ASN_DEBUG("Decoding unconstrained integer %s", td->name);
+       }
+
+       /* X.691, #12.2.3, #12.2.4 */
+       do {
+               ssize_t len;
+               void *p;
+               int ret;
+
+               /* Get the PER length */
+               len = aper_get_length(pd, -1, -1, &repeat);
+               if(len < 0) ASN__DECODE_STARVED;
+
+               p = REALLOC(st->buf, st->size + len + 1);
+               if(!p) ASN__DECODE_FAILED;
+               st->buf = (uint8_t *)p;
+
+               ret = per_get_many_bits(pd, &st->buf[st->size], 0, 8 * len);
+               if(ret < 0) ASN__DECODE_STARVED;
+               st->size += len;
+       } while(repeat);
+       st->buf[st->size] = 0;  /* JIC */
+
+       /* #12.2.3 */
+       if(ct && ct->lower_bound) {
+               /*
+                * TODO: replace by in-place arithmetics.
+                */
+               long value;
+               if(asn_INTEGER2long(st, &value))
+                       ASN__DECODE_FAILED;
+               if(asn_long2INTEGER(st, value + ct->lower_bound))
+                       ASN__DECODE_FAILED;
+       }
+
+       return rval;
+}
+
+asn_enc_rval_t
+INTEGER_encode_aper(const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td,
+                    const asn_per_constraints_t *constraints,
+                    const void *sptr, asn_per_outp_t *po) {
+       const asn_INTEGER_specifics_t *specs = (const asn_INTEGER_specifics_t *)td->specifics;
+       asn_enc_rval_t er = {0,0,0};
+       const INTEGER_t *st = (const INTEGER_t *)sptr;
+       const uint8_t *buf;
+       const uint8_t *end;
+       const asn_per_constraint_t *ct;
+       long value = 0;
+
+       if(!st || st->size == 0) ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+
+       if(!constraints) constraints = td->encoding_constraints.per_constraints;
+       ct = constraints ? &constraints->value : 0;
+
+       er.encoded = 0;
+
+       if(ct) {
+               int inext = 0;
+               if(specs && specs->field_unsigned) {
+                       unsigned long uval;
+                       if(asn_INTEGER2ulong(st, &uval))
+                               ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+                       /* Check proper range */
+                       if(ct->flags & APC_SEMI_CONSTRAINED) {
+                               if(uval < (unsigned long)ct->lower_bound)
+                                       inext = 1;
+                       } else if(ct->range_bits >= 0) {
+                               if(uval < (unsigned long)ct->lower_bound
+                                       || uval > (unsigned long)ct->upper_bound)
+                                       inext = 1;
+                       }
+                       ASN_DEBUG("Value %lu (%02x/%lu) lb %ld ub %ld %s",
+                                 uval, st->buf[0], st->size,
+                                 ct->lower_bound, ct->upper_bound,
+                                 inext ? "ext" : "fix");
+                       value = uval;
+               } else {
+                       if(asn_INTEGER2long(st, &value)) ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+                       /* Check proper range */
+                       if(ct->flags & APC_SEMI_CONSTRAINED) {
+                               if(value < ct->lower_bound)
+                                       inext = 1;
+                       } else if(ct->range_bits >= 0) {
+                               if(value < ct->lower_bound
+                                       || value > ct->upper_bound)
+                                       inext = 1;
+                       }
+                       ASN_DEBUG("Value %lu (%02x/%lu) lb %ld ub %ld %s",
+                                 value, st->buf[0], st->size,
+                                 ct->lower_bound, ct->upper_bound,
+                                 inext ? "ext" : "fix");
+               }
+               if(ct->flags & APC_EXTENSIBLE) {
+                       if(per_put_few_bits(po, inext, 1))
+                               ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+                       if(inext) ct = 0;
+               } else if(inext) {
+                       ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+               }
+       }
+
+       /* X.691, #12.2.2 */
+       if(ct && ct->range_bits >= 0) {
+               unsigned long v;
+
+               /* #10.5.6 */
+               ASN_DEBUG("Encoding integer %ld (%lu) with range %d bits",
+                         value, value - ct->lower_bound, ct->range_bits);
+
+               v = value - ct->lower_bound;
+
+               /* #12 <= 8 -> alignment ? */
+               if (ct->range_bits < 8) {
+                       if(per_put_few_bits(po, 0x00 | v, ct->range_bits))
+                               ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+               } else if (ct->range_bits == 8) {
+                       if(aper_put_align(po) < 0)
+                               ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+                       if(per_put_few_bits(po, 0x00 | v, ct->range_bits))
+                               ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+               } else if (ct->range_bits <= 16) {
+                       /* Consume the bytes to align on octet */
+                       if(aper_put_align(po) < 0)
+                               ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+                       if(per_put_few_bits(po, 0x0000 | v,
+                                           16))
+                               ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+               } else {
+                       /* TODO: extend to >64 bits */
+                       int64_t v64 = v;
+                       int i, j;
+                       int max_range_bytes = (ct->range_bits >> 3) +
+                                             (((ct->range_bits % 8) > 0) ? 1 : 0);
+
+                       for (i = 1; ; i++) {
+                               int upper = 1 << i;
+                               if (upper >= max_range_bytes)
+                                       break;
+                       }
+
+                       for (j = sizeof(int64_t) -1; j != 0; j--) {
+                               int64_t val;
+                               val = v64 >> (j * 8);
+                               if (val != 0)
+                                       break;
+                       }
+
+                       /* Putting length in the minimum number of bits ex: 5 = 3bits */
+                       if (per_put_few_bits(po, j, i))
+                               ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+
+                       /* Consume the bits to align on octet */
+                       if (aper_put_align(po) < 0)
+                               ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+                       /* Put the value */
+                       for (i = 0; i <= j; i++) {
+                               if(per_put_few_bits(po, (v64 >> (8 * (j - i))) & 0xff, 8))
+                                       ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+                       }
+               }
+               ASN__ENCODED_OK(er);
+       }
+
+       if(ct && ct->lower_bound) {
+               ASN_DEBUG("Adjust lower bound to %ld", ct->lower_bound);
+               /* TODO: adjust lower bound */
+               ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+       }
+
+       for(buf = st->buf, end = st->buf + st->size; buf < end;) {
+               ssize_t mayEncode = aper_put_length(po, -1, end - buf);
+               if(mayEncode < 0)
+                       ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+               if(per_put_many_bits(po, buf, 8 * mayEncode))
+                       ASN__ENCODE_FAILED;
+               buf += mayEncode;
+       }
+
+       ASN__ENCODED_OK(er);
+}
+
+#endif /* ASN_DISABLE_PER_SUPPORT */
+
+static intmax_t
+asn__integer_convert(const uint8_t *b, const uint8_t *end) {
+    uintmax_t value;
+
+    /* Perform the sign initialization */
+    /* Actually value = -(*b >> 7); gains nothing, yet unreadable! */
+    if((*b >> 7)) {
+        value = (uintmax_t)(-1);
+    } else {
+        value = 0;
+    }
+
+    /* Conversion engine */
+    for(; b < end; b++) {
+        value = (value << 8) | *b;
+    }
+
+    return value;
+}
+
+int
+asn_INTEGER2imax(const INTEGER_t *iptr, intmax_t *lptr) {
+       uint8_t *b, *end;
+       size_t size;
+
+       /* Sanity checking */
+       if(!iptr || !iptr->buf || !lptr) {
+               errno = EINVAL;
+               return -1;
+       }
+
+       /* Cache the begin/end of the buffer */
+       b = iptr->buf;  /* Start of the INTEGER buffer */
+       size = iptr->size;
+       end = b + size; /* Where to stop */
+
+       if(size > sizeof(intmax_t)) {
+               uint8_t *end1 = end - 1;
+               /*
+                * Slightly more advanced processing,
+                * able to process INTEGERs with >sizeof(intmax_t) bytes
+                * when the actual value is small, e.g. for intmax_t == int32_t
+                * (0x0000000000abcdef INTEGER would yield a fine 0x00abcdef int32_t)
+                */
+               /* Skip out the insignificant leading bytes */
+               for(; b < end1; b++) {
+                       switch(*b) {
+                               case 0x00: if((b[1] & 0x80) == 0) continue; break;
+                               case 0xff: if((b[1] & 0x80) != 0) continue; break;
+                       }
+                       break;
+               }
+
+               size = end - b;
+               if(size > sizeof(intmax_t)) {
+                       /* Still cannot fit the sizeof(intmax_t) */
+                       errno = ERANGE;
+                       return -1;
+               }
+       }
+
+       /* Shortcut processing of a corner case */
+       if(end == b) {
+               *lptr = 0;
+               return 0;
+       }
+
+       *lptr = asn__integer_convert(b, end);
+       return 0;
+}
+
+/* FIXME: negative INTEGER values are silently interpreted as large unsigned ones. */
+int
+asn_INTEGER2umax(const INTEGER_t *iptr, uintmax_t *lptr) {
+       uint8_t *b, *end;
+       uintmax_t value;
+       size_t size;
+
+       if(!iptr || !iptr->buf || !lptr) {
+               errno = EINVAL;
+               return -1;
+       }
+
+       b = iptr->buf;
+       size = iptr->size;
+       end = b + size;
+
+       /* If all extra leading bytes are zeroes, ignore them */
+       for(; size > sizeof(value); b++, size--) {
+               if(*b) {
+                       /* Value won't fit into uintmax_t */
+                       errno = ERANGE;
+                       return -1;
+               }
+       }
+
+       /* Conversion engine */
+       for(value = 0; b < end; b++)
+               value = (value << 8) | *b;
+
+       *lptr = value;
+       return 0;
+}
+
+int
+asn_umax2INTEGER(INTEGER_t *st, uintmax_t value) {
+    uint8_t *buf;
+    uint8_t *end;
+    uint8_t *b;
+    int shr;
+
+    if(value <= ((~(uintmax_t)0) >> 1)) {
+        return asn_imax2INTEGER(st, value);
+    }
+
+    buf = (uint8_t *)MALLOC(1 + sizeof(value));
+    if(!buf) return -1;
+
+    end = buf + (sizeof(value) + 1);
+    buf[0] = 0; /* INTEGERs are signed. 0-byte indicates positive. */
+    for(b = buf + 1, shr = (sizeof(value) - 1) * 8; b < end; shr -= 8, b++)
+        *b = (uint8_t)(value >> shr);
+
+    if(st->buf) FREEMEM(st->buf);
+    st->buf = buf;
+    st->size = 1 + sizeof(value);
+
+       return 0;
+}
+
+int
+asn_imax2INTEGER(INTEGER_t *st, intmax_t value) {
+       uint8_t *buf, *bp;
+       uint8_t *p;
+       uint8_t *pstart;
+       uint8_t *pend1;
+       int littleEndian = 1;   /* Run-time detection */
+       int add;
+
+       if(!st) {
+               errno = EINVAL;
+               return -1;
+       }
+
+       buf = (uint8_t *)(long *)MALLOC(sizeof(value));
+       if(!buf) return -1;
+
+       if(*(char *)&littleEndian) {
+               pstart = (uint8_t *)&value + sizeof(value) - 1;
+               pend1 = (uint8_t *)&value;
+               add = -1;
+       } else {
+               pstart = (uint8_t *)&value;
+               pend1 = pstart + sizeof(value) - 1;
+               add = 1;
+       }
+
+       /*
+        * If the contents octet consists of more than one octet,
+        * then bits of the first octet and bit 8 of the second octet:
+        * a) shall not all be ones; and
+        * b) shall not all be zero.
+        */
+       for(p = pstart; p != pend1; p += add) {
+               switch(*p) {
+               case 0x00: if((*(p+add) & 0x80) == 0)
+                               continue;
+                       break;
+               case 0xff: if((*(p+add) & 0x80))
+                               continue;
+                       break;
+               }
+               break;
+       }
+       /* Copy the integer body */
+       for(bp = buf, pend1 += add; p != pend1; p += add)
+               *bp++ = *p;
+
+       if(st->buf) FREEMEM(st->buf);
+       st->buf = buf;
+       st->size = bp - buf;
+
+       return 0;
+}
+
+int
+asn_INTEGER2long(const INTEGER_t *iptr, long *l) {
+    intmax_t v;
+    if(asn_INTEGER2imax(iptr, &v) == 0) {
+        if(v < LONG_MIN || v > LONG_MAX) {
+            errno = ERANGE;
+            return -1;
+        }
+        *l = v;
+        return 0;
+    } else {
+        return -1;
+    }
+}
+
+int
+asn_INTEGER2ulong(const INTEGER_t *iptr, unsigned long *l) {
+    uintmax_t v;
+    if(asn_INTEGER2umax(iptr, &v) == 0) {
+        if(v > ULONG_MAX) {
+            errno = ERANGE;
+            return -1;
+        }
+        *l = v;
+        return 0;
+    } else {
+        return -1;
+    }
+}
+
+int
+asn_long2INTEGER(INTEGER_t *st, long value) {
+    return asn_imax2INTEGER(st, value);
+}
+
+int
+asn_ulong2INTEGER(INTEGER_t *st, unsigned long value) {
+    return asn_imax2INTEGER(st, value);
+}
+
+
+int
+asn_uint642INTEGER(INTEGER_t *st, uint64_t value) {
+       uint8_t *buf;
+       uint8_t *end;
+       uint8_t *b;
+       int shr;
+
+       if(value <= INT64_MAX)
+               return asn_int642INTEGER(st, value);
+
+       buf = (uint8_t *)MALLOC(1 + sizeof(value));
+       if(!buf) return -1;
+
+       end = buf + (sizeof(value) + 1);
+       buf[0] = 0;
+       for(b = buf + 1, shr = (sizeof(value)-1)*8; b < end; shr -= 8, b++)
+               *b = (uint8_t)(value >> shr);
+
+       if(st->buf) FREEMEM(st->buf);
+       st->buf = buf;
+       st->size = 1 + sizeof(value);
+
+       return 0;
+}
+
+int
+asn_int642INTEGER(INTEGER_t *st, int64_t value) {
+       uint8_t *buf, *bp;
+       uint8_t *p;
+       uint8_t *pstart;
+       uint8_t *pend1;
+       int littleEndian = 1;   /* Run-time detection */
+       int add;
+
+       if(!st) {
+               errno = EINVAL;
+               return -1;
+       }
+
+       buf = (uint8_t *)MALLOC(sizeof(value));
+       if(!buf) return -1;
+
+       if(*(char *)&littleEndian) {
+               pstart = (uint8_t *)&value + sizeof(value) - 1;
+               pend1 = (uint8_t *)&value;
+               add = -1;
+       } else {
+               pstart = (uint8_t *)&value;
+               pend1 = pstart + sizeof(value) - 1;
+               add = 1;
+       }
+
+       /*
+        * If the contents octet consists of more than one octet,
+        * then bits of the first octet and bit 8 of the second octet:
+        * a) shall not all be ones; and
+        * b) shall not all be zero.
+        */
+       for(p = pstart; p != pend1; p += add) {
+               switch(*p) {
+               case 0x00: if((*(p+add) & 0x80) == 0)
+                               continue;
+                       break;
+               case 0xff: if((*(p+add) & 0x80))
+                               continue;
+                       break;
+               }
+               break;
+       }
+       /* Copy the integer body */
+       for(pstart = p, bp = buf, pend1 += add; p != pend1; p += add)
+               *bp++ = *p;
+
+       if(st->buf) FREEMEM(st->buf);
+       st->buf = buf;
+       st->size = bp - buf;
+
+       return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Parse the number in the given string until the given *end position,
+ * returning the position after the last parsed character back using the
+ * same (*end) pointer.
+ * WARNING: This behavior is different from the standard strtol/strtoimax(3).
+ */
+enum asn_strtox_result_e
+asn_strtoimax_lim(const char *str, const char **end, intmax_t *intp) {
+       int sign = 1;
+       intmax_t value;
+
+#define ASN1_INTMAX_MAX ((~(uintmax_t)0) >> 1)
+    const intmax_t upper_boundary = ASN1_INTMAX_MAX / 10;
+       intmax_t last_digit_max = ASN1_INTMAX_MAX % 10;
+#undef  ASN1_INTMAX_MAX
+
+       if(str >= *end) return ASN_STRTOX_ERROR_INVAL;
+
+       switch(*str) {
+       case '-':
+               last_digit_max++;
+               sign = -1;
+               /* FALL THROUGH */
+       case '+':
+               str++;
+               if(str >= *end) {
+                       *end = str;
+                       return ASN_STRTOX_EXPECT_MORE;
+               }
+       }
+
+       for(value = 0; str < (*end); str++) {
+               switch(*str) {
+               case 0x30: case 0x31: case 0x32: case 0x33: case 0x34:
+               case 0x35: case 0x36: case 0x37: case 0x38: case 0x39: {
+                       int d = *str - '0';
+                       if(value < upper_boundary) {
+                               value = value * 10 + d;
+                       } else if(value == upper_boundary) {
+                               if(d <= last_digit_max) {
+                                       if(sign > 0) {
+                                               value = value * 10 + d;
+                                       } else {
+                                               sign = 1;
+                                               value = -value * 10 - d;
+                                       }
+                               } else {
+                                       *end = str;
+                                       return ASN_STRTOX_ERROR_RANGE;
+                               }
+                       } else {
+                               *end = str;
+                               return ASN_STRTOX_ERROR_RANGE;
+                       }
+                   }
+                   continue;
+               default:
+                   *end = str;
+                   *intp = sign * value;
+                   return ASN_STRTOX_EXTRA_DATA;
+               }
+       }
+
+       *end = str;
+       *intp = sign * value;
+       return ASN_STRTOX_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Parse the number in the given string until the given *end position,
+ * returning the position after the last parsed character back using the
+ * same (*end) pointer.
+ * WARNING: This behavior is different from the standard strtoul/strtoumax(3).
+ */
+enum asn_strtox_result_e
+asn_strtoumax_lim(const char *str, const char **end, uintmax_t *uintp) {
+       uintmax_t value;
+
+#define ASN1_UINTMAX_MAX ((~(uintmax_t)0))
+    const uintmax_t upper_boundary = ASN1_UINTMAX_MAX / 10;
+    uintmax_t last_digit_max = ASN1_UINTMAX_MAX % 10;
+#undef ASN1_UINTMAX_MAX
+
+    if(str >= *end) return ASN_STRTOX_ERROR_INVAL;
+
+       switch(*str) {
+       case '-':
+        return ASN_STRTOX_ERROR_INVAL;
+       case '+':
+               str++;
+               if(str >= *end) {
+                       *end = str;
+                       return ASN_STRTOX_EXPECT_MORE;
+               }
+       }
+
+       for(value = 0; str < (*end); str++) {
+               switch(*str) {
+               case 0x30: case 0x31: case 0x32: case 0x33: case 0x34:
+               case 0x35: case 0x36: case 0x37: case 0x38: case 0x39: {
+                       unsigned int d = *str - '0';
+                       if(value < upper_boundary) {
+                               value = value * 10 + d;
+                       } else if(value == upper_boundary) {
+                               if(d <= last_digit_max) {
+                    value = value * 10 + d;
+                } else {
+                                       *end = str;
+                                       return ASN_STRTOX_ERROR_RANGE;
+                               }
+                       } else {
+                               *end = str;
+                               return ASN_STRTOX_ERROR_RANGE;
+                       }
+                   }
+                   continue;
+               default:
+                   *end = str;
+                   *uintp = value;
+                   return ASN_STRTOX_EXTRA_DATA;
+               }
+       }
+
+       *end = str;
+       *uintp = value;
+       return ASN_STRTOX_OK;
+}
+
+enum asn_strtox_result_e
+asn_strtol_lim(const char *str, const char **end, long *lp) {
+    intmax_t value;
+    switch(asn_strtoimax_lim(str, end, &value)) {
+    case ASN_STRTOX_ERROR_RANGE:
+        return ASN_STRTOX_ERROR_RANGE;
+    case ASN_STRTOX_ERROR_INVAL:
+        return ASN_STRTOX_ERROR_INVAL;
+    case ASN_STRTOX_EXPECT_MORE:
+        return ASN_STRTOX_EXPECT_MORE;
+    case ASN_STRTOX_OK:
+        if(value >= LONG_MIN && value <= LONG_MAX) {
+            *lp = value;
+            return ASN_STRTOX_OK;
+        } else {
+            return ASN_STRTOX_ERROR_RANGE;
+        }
+    case ASN_STRTOX_EXTRA_DATA:
+        if(value >= LONG_MIN && value <= LONG_MAX) {
+            *lp = value;
+            return ASN_STRTOX_EXTRA_DATA;
+        } else {
+            return ASN_STRTOX_ERROR_RANGE;
+        }
+    }
+
+    assert(!"Unreachable");
+    return ASN_STRTOX_ERROR_INVAL;
+}
+
+enum asn_strtox_result_e
+asn_strtoul_lim(const char *str, const char **end, unsigned long *ulp) {
+    uintmax_t value;
+    switch(asn_strtoumax_lim(str, end, &value)) {
+    case ASN_STRTOX_ERROR_RANGE:
+        return ASN_STRTOX_ERROR_RANGE;
+    case ASN_STRTOX_ERROR_INVAL:
+        return ASN_STRTOX_ERROR_INVAL;
+    case ASN_STRTOX_EXPECT_MORE:
+        return ASN_STRTOX_EXPECT_MORE;
+    case ASN_STRTOX_OK:
+        if(value <= ULONG_MAX) {
+            *ulp = value;
+            return ASN_STRTOX_OK;
+        } else {
+            return ASN_STRTOX_ERROR_RANGE;
+        }
+    case ASN_STRTOX_EXTRA_DATA:
+        if(value <= ULONG_MAX) {
+            *ulp = value;
+            return ASN_STRTOX_EXTRA_DATA;
+        } else {
+            return ASN_STRTOX_ERROR_RANGE;
+        }
+    }
+
+    assert(!"Unreachable");
+    return ASN_STRTOX_ERROR_INVAL;
+}
+
+int
+INTEGER_compare(const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, const void *aptr,
+                     const void *bptr) {
+    const INTEGER_t *a = aptr;
+    const INTEGER_t *b = bptr;
+
+    (void)td;
+
+    if(a && b) {
+        if(a->size && b->size) {
+            int sign_a = (a->buf[0] & 0x80) ? -1 : 1;
+            int sign_b = (b->buf[0] & 0x80) ? -1 : 1;
+
+            if(sign_a < sign_b) return -1;
+            if(sign_a > sign_b) return 1;
+
+            /* The shortest integer wins, unless comparing negatives */
+            if(a->size < b->size) {
+                return -1 * sign_a;
+            } else if(a->size > b->size) {
+                return 1 * sign_b;
+            }
+
+            return sign_a * memcmp(a->buf, b->buf, a->size);
+        } else if(a->size) {
+            int sign = (a->buf[0] & 0x80) ? -1 : 1;
+            return (1) * sign;
+        } else if(b->size) {
+            int sign = (a->buf[0] & 0x80) ? -1 : 1;
+            return (-1) * sign;
+        } else {
+            return 0;
+        }
+    } else if(!a && !b) {
+        return 0;
+    } else if(!a) {
+        return -1;
+    } else {
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+}
+
+asn_random_fill_result_t
+INTEGER_random_fill(const asn_TYPE_descriptor_t *td, void **sptr,
+                    const asn_encoding_constraints_t *constraints,
+                    size_t max_length) {
+    const asn_INTEGER_specifics_t *specs =
+        (const asn_INTEGER_specifics_t *)td->specifics;
+    asn_random_fill_result_t result_ok = {ARFILL_OK, 1};
+    asn_random_fill_result_t result_failed = {ARFILL_FAILED, 0};
+    asn_random_fill_result_t result_skipped = {ARFILL_SKIPPED, 0};
+    INTEGER_t *st = *sptr;
+    const asn_INTEGER_enum_map_t *emap;
+    size_t emap_len;
+    intmax_t value;
+    int find_inside_map;
+
+    if(max_length == 0) return result_skipped;
+
+    if(st == NULL) {
+        st = (INTEGER_t *)CALLOC(1, sizeof(*st));
+        if(st == NULL) {
+            return result_failed;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if(specs) {
+        emap = specs->value2enum;
+        emap_len = specs->map_count;
+        if(specs->strict_enumeration) {
+            find_inside_map = emap_len > 0;
+        } else {
+            find_inside_map = emap_len ? asn_random_between(0, 1) : 0;
+        }
+    } else {
+        emap = 0;
+        emap_len = 0;
+        find_inside_map = 0;
+    }
+
+    if(find_inside_map) {
+        assert(emap_len > 0);
+        value = emap[asn_random_between(0, emap_len - 1)].nat_value;
+    } else {
+        const asn_per_constraints_t *ct;
+
+        static const long variants[] = {
+            -65536, -65535, -65534, -32769, -32768, -32767, -16385, -16384,
+            -16383, -257,   -256,   -255,   -254,   -129,   -128,   -127,
+            -126,   -1,     0,      1,      126,    127,    128,    129,
+            254,    255,    256,    257,    16383,  16384,  16385,  32767,
+            32768,  32769,  65534,  65535,  65536,  65537};
+        if(specs && specs->field_unsigned) {
+            assert(variants[18] == 0);
+            value = variants[asn_random_between(
+                18, sizeof(variants) / sizeof(variants[0]) - 1)];
+        } else {
+            value = variants[asn_random_between(
+                0, sizeof(variants) / sizeof(variants[0]) - 1)];
+        }
+
+        if(!constraints) constraints = &td->encoding_constraints;
+        ct = constraints ? constraints->per_constraints : 0;
+        if(ct && (ct->value.flags & APC_CONSTRAINED)) {
+            if(value < ct->value.lower_bound || value > ct->value.upper_bound) {
+                value = asn_random_between(ct->value.lower_bound,
+                                           ct->value.upper_bound);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if(asn_imax2INTEGER(st, value)) {
+        if(st == *sptr) {
+            ASN_STRUCT_RESET(*td, st);
+        } else {
+            ASN_STRUCT_FREE(*td, st);
+        }
+        return result_failed;
+    } else {
+        *sptr = st;
+        result_ok.length = st->size;
+        return result_ok;
+    }
+}